For millions of women in North America, Australia, Europe, and, increasingly, elsewhere as well, at least one or two ultrasounds have become an expected and routine part of pregnancy.l For physicians and sonographers, ultrasound represents a necessary, passive, and neutral technology, capable of providing, as one obstetrical text describes it, "a window of unsurpassed clarity into the gravid uterus ... [and] exquisite detail regarding the fetus and the intrauterine environment."2 The possibilities of seeing, we are told, are numerous: the state of fetal anatomy; growth and development; numerous fetal pathologies; the sex of the fetus as early as eleven weeks; and fetal sleep, rest, and activity patterns. There are even claims of witnessing fetal masturbation3 and, as Lisa Cartwright has pointed out, enough fetal behavior for one psychiatrist to begin the practice of fetal psychoanalysis.4 For women, ultrasound has become firmly lodged as a "normal" part of pregnancy, allowing a sneak preview of our baby's sex, age, size, physical normality, and possible personality. So convincing is the cognitive and sensual apprehension of the fetus via the electronic mediation of ultrasound technology that women may routinely experience a "technological quickening" several weeks before they sense fetal movement in their own bodies.5 This article examines what we call the cyborg fetus of ultrasound imaging: the mode of knowing and feeling the fetus through the coupling of human and machine. As Donna Haraway has described it, the cyborg is a "coconstruction" of humans and nonhumans.6 Thus, any exploration of the cyborg fetus must dwell both on the distinctive features of the ultra-

Cross-Cultural Cyborgs: Greek and Canadian Women's Discourses on Fetal Ultrasound

The demand for pregnancy testing: The Aschheim–Zondek reaction, diagnostic versatility, and laboratory services in 1930s Britain

with no concrete real life examples. I told them that they had found their own ways of meeting the administrative demands, that the basic foundations for care appeared to be trust and rapport that are achieved over time and in equal partnership with the clients, and so on. (Homanen 2012, 225.) By positioning ourselves this way as experts, we positioned ourselves also in an authoritative position of knowing in the situation of the workshop, and, thus reinforced asymmetrical power relations between us and the nurses. This may have undermined some of my earlier work in dissipating the nurses’ suspicions that I was an advocate for the local administration. (Homanen 2012, 225.) However, when watching the video clips of each nurse’s meeting with a client, the nurses started to tell specific stories and giving concrete examples of their work. Often the accounts of their interactions with clients were related to the case in the video clip but the nurses also made comments on the extent to which it was possible to generalize on the basis of their experiences. Working with video-clips formed a platform for the articulation of experience-based knowledge on care work in terms of the specificities and actualities of everyday work at the clinics. This is of extreme importance in IE as the aim is to gain insight into how the institutional order shapes and is shaped by the actions of people in particular contexts (Smith 1987; 2005; DeVault & McCoy 2006). (Homanen 2012, 225.)

Doing Pregnancy, the Unborn, and the Maternity Healthcare Institution

Background: Following research demonstrating the effect of the intrauterine environment on childhood health and health in later life, women are encouraged to adopt healthy behaviours during pregnancy in order to promote the health of the fetus. Aim: This research aimed to explore the influences on women's engagement with healthy practices during pregnancy, particularly the effect of maternal—fetal attachment. Methods: This qualitative study used nine semi-structured interviews and one focus group. These were conducted with women who were pregnant or who had recently given birth. Participants were questioned about their attitudes towards and engagement with the health advice they received during pregnancy. Results: The bond felt with their baby was an important influence on women's decisions to adopt healthy behaviours during pregnancy. This bond was created in many ways. Previous studies have found an increase in women's adherence to healthy behaviours as levels of maternal–fetal attachment increase. Howe...

Maternal—fetal attachment and engagement with antenatal advice

..................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... xi

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Barbara Duden

Papers

Quick with child: An experience that has lost its status