The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

In this provocative book, Barwise and Perry tackle the slippery subject of \"meaning, \" a subject that has long vexed linguists, language philosophers, and logicians.

/pdf/situations-and-attitudes-57f065zg2d.pdf

Situations and Attitudes.

[서평]「The Unified Modeling Language User Guide」

Geographic Information Science. The Nature and Value of Geographic Information. Communicating Geographic Information in Context. Pragmatic Information Content. Representational Commitment in Maps. Granularity in Change over Time. A Theory of Granular Partitions. On the Ontological Status of Geographical Boundaries. Regions in Geography. Neighborhoods and Landmarks. Geographical Terminology Servers. Placing Cultural Events and Documents. Geographic Activity Models.

Foundations of Geographic Information Science

Ontologies are widely used in biological and biomedical research. Their success lies in their combination of four main features present in almost all ontologies: provision of standard identifiers for classes and relations that represent the phenomena within a domain; provision of a vocabulary for a domain; provision of metadata that describes the intended meaning of the classes and relations in ontologies; and the provision of machine-readable axioms and definitions that enable computational access to some aspects of the meaning of classes and relations. While each of these features enables applications that facilitate data integration, data access and analysis, a great potential lies in the possibility of combining these four features to support integrative analysis and interpretation of multimodal data. Here, we provide a functional perspective on ontologies in biology and biomedicine, focusing on what ontologies can do and describing how they can be used in support of integrative research. We also outline perspectives for using ontologies in data-driven science, in particular their application in structured data mining and machine learning applications.

/pdf/the-role-of-ontologies-in-biological-and-biomedical-research-41gv5qarw4.pdf

The role of ontologies in biological and biomedical research: a functional perspective

This report is a living document of the Research Group Ontologies in Medicine (Onto-Med) which represents work in progress towards a proposal for an integrated system of foundational ontologies. It will be applied to several fields of medicine, biomedicine, and biology, and a number of applications are carried out in collaboration with the Center for Clinical Trials at the University of Leipzig, with the MaxPlanck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, and with the ICCAS at the University of Leipzig. The General Formal Ontology (GFO) is a component of the Integrated System of Foundational Ontologies (ISFO), and ISFO is a part of the Integrated Framework for the Development and Application of Ontologies (IFDAO). The predecessor of IFDAO was the GOL project which was launched in 1999 as a collaborative research effort of the Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE) and the Institute of Informatics (IfI) at the University of Leipzig.

General Formal Ontology (GFO) - A Foundational Ontology Integrating Objects and Processes [Version 1.0]

Every domain-specific ontology must use as a framework some upper-level ontology which describes the most general, domain-independent categories of reality. In the present paper we sketch a new type of upper-level ontology, which is intended to be the basis of a knowledge modelling language GOL (for: 'General Ontological Language'). It turns out that the upper-level ontology underlying standard modelling languages such as KIF, F-Logic and CycL is restricted to the ontology of sets. Set theory has considerable mathematical power and great flexibility as a framework for modelling different sorts of structures. At the same time it has the disadvantage that sets are abstract entities (entities existing outside the realm of time, space and causality), and thus a set-theoretical framework should be supplemented by some other machinery if it is to support applications in the ripe, messy world of concrete objects. In the present paper we partition the entities of the real world into sets and urelements, and then we introduce several new ontological relations between these urelements. In contrast to standard modelling and representation formalisms, the concepts of GOL provide a machinery for representing and analysing such ontologically basic relations.

GOL: toward an axiomatized upper-level ontology

General Ontological Language (GOL) is a formal framework for representing and building ontologies. The purpose of GOL is to provide a system of top-level ontologies which can be used as a basis for building domain-specific ontologies. The present paper gives an overview about the basic categories of the GOL-ontology. GOL is part of the work of the research group Ontologies in Medicine (Onto-Med) at the University of Leipzig which is based on collaborative work of the Institute of Medical Informatics(IMISE) and the Institute for Computer Science (IfI). It represents work in progress toward a proposal for an integrated family of top-level ontologies and will be applied to several fields of medicine, in particular to the field of Clinical Trials.

Ontological Categories in GOL

l,;;X` 5Q, y¡¢r£N¤¥¦n§K ̈t©VaX,«p¦ ¬r«­£N§Q®V£N ̄n£N°¡ ¤±K©y®.±r©y2¥© ¥3 <¥¤7μ ́.£N y¶©y£N¤7­±raraX, y ̈t ̄n,Q, ̄H£N§`®y£N ̄n£N°¡ ́)·K¦n«<· ¢r,©V«, y¦n ̧H,©5®V·r¤7£N©y®5°N,§r, <¥ ̄t1`¢r£N¤¥¦n§c ̈o¦n§r¢r,aX,§r¢r,§`®4«u¥;®y,°N£N V¦n,©4£3 Vp¥ ̄n¦ ®o¡Q»01⁄4o§®y·r)aK V,©V,§Q®4a[¥aX, T ́. ©V¶Nμ®y«<· ¥7§rμ ́1⁄2®o¡caX£34±KaraXp ̈o ̄nμQ, ̄5£N§Q®y£N ̄n£N°¡`1H ́·r¦n«<· ¦n©­¦n§Q®yp§K¢r,¢ ®y£ ̧X}®y·r} ̧r¥©V¦n©£3T¥7¶c§r£p ́ ̄np¢K°N ¤7£`¢r, ̄n ̄n¦n§r°2 ̄q¥§r°N±[¥°N3⁄42¿­ÀÂÁ]3?£N pÃTÄ 3⁄4­,§r, <¥ ̄3¿­§`®y£N ̄n£N°N¦n«p¥ ̄3Àl¥§r°N±r¥°NQÅ Æ<»91⁄4t®4®V±K V§r©.£N±K®.®y·[¥;®4®y·r±KaraXp ̈ ̄nμQ, ̄4£N§`®y£N ̄n£N°¡Â±K§r¢r, V ̄ ¡c¦n§r°!©y®V¥§r¢[¥ y¢Â¤7£`¢r, ̄n ̄n¦n§r° ̄q¥§r°N±r¥°Np©}©V±r«V·Ç¥©È1⁄4oÉ.1lÉl ̈oÀ3£N°N¦n«¥§r¢ËÊT¡K«,À ¦n© V,© ®V y¦n«,®y,¢ ®y£}®y·r£N§Q®y£N ̄n£N°¡ £3f©Vμ®V©p»TÌcμ®.®V·r,£N ¡·[¥© «p£N§K©V¦n¢r, <¥ ̧K ̄n¤¥;®V·Kp¤¥;®y¦n«p¥ ̄ aX£p ́., ¥§r¢ °N yp¥;® Í μÎc¦n ̧r¦n ̄n¦ ®o¡ ¥©­¥F3? V¥¤7μ ́.£N V¶3£N .¤7£`¢r, ̄n ̄n¦n§r°}¢K¦ Ï , yp§Q®©V£N ®V© £30©y®y V±K«,®y±r yp©p»TÐ.®.®y·rF©<¥¤7®V¦n¤7)¦ ®)·r¥© ®y·r¢r¦n©V¥¢KN¥§Q®<¥°N7®y·[¥;®F©Vμ®y©¥ V¥ ̧K©y®y <¥«μ®p§Q®y¦ ®V¦n,©7Á?,§Q®V¦ ®y¦n,©F,Îc¦n©y®y¦n§r° £N±K®V©y¦n¢r®y·r yu¥ ̄n¤Ñ£34®y¦n¤7N1 ©Var¥«p¥§r¢ «u¥±K©<¥ ̄n¦ ®o¡rÆμ1 ¥§r¢ ®V·`±r©¥©yμ®y ̈t®y·r,£N Vμ®y¦n«p¥ ̄03 <¥¤7μ ́.£N y¶7©V·r£N±K ̄n¢ ̧XF©V±raraK ̄np¤7,§Q®V,¢o ̧Q¡ ©V£N¤7 £®y·r, ­¤¥«<·r¦n§Kp ¡ ¦ 39¦ ®)¦n© ®V£7©y±raraX£N y®­¥arar ̄n¦n«p¥;®y¦n£N§r©­¦n§ ®y·rF V¦naXN1[¤7,©V© ¡ ́.£N V ̄n¢ £39«,£N§r«, y,®y£N ̧KÒ p«μ®y©u» 1⁄4o§ ®y·r2ar y,©V,§`®a[¥aX, . ́.a[¥ ®V¦ ®y¦n£N§ ®y·r2,§Q®V¦ ®y¦n,©)£3l®y·r2 Vp¥ ̄H ́.£N V ̄n¢¦n§Q®V£©yμ®V©¥§r¢ ±r V, ̄n,¤7,§`®y©u1K¥§r¢ ®y·r,§ ́.2¦n§Q®V y£c¢K±r«,2©VμQ, <¥ ̄3§K, ́ £N§`®y£N ̄n£N°N¦n«p¥ ̄l V, ̄q¥;®V¦n£N§K© ̧Xμ®o ́.,,§ ®y·r,©V2±r yp ̄n,¤7,§Q®V©p»01⁄4o§ «,£N§`®y <¥© ® ®V£ ©y®V¥§r¢[¥ y¢7¤7£c¢Kp ̄n ̄n¦n§K°2¥§r¢7 V,ar y,©V,§`®V¥;®y¦n£N§3£N V¤¥ ̄n¦n©y¤7©u1p®V·K)«,£N§r«,,aK®y©.£303⁄42¿­Àoar y£uc¦n¢r)¥¤¥«<·r¦n§r, y¡ 3£N  y,ar V,©V,§Q®V¦n§K°7¥§r¢!¥§[¥ ̄ ¡c©V¦n§K°©V±r«V· £N§Q®V£N ̄n£N°N¦n«p¥ ̄n ̄ ¡ ̧[¥©V¦n«2 y, ̄q¥;®V¦n£N§r©p»

GOL: A general ontological language

The General Ontological Language (GOL) is a formal framework for representing and building ontologies. The purpose of GOL is to provide a system of toplevel ontologies which can be used as a basis for constructing domain-specific ontologies. The present paper gives an overview about the basic categories and the principles of GOL. GOL is part of the work of the Ontologies in Medicine (Onto-Med) research group at the University of Leipzig, a collaborative research effort of the Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE) and the Institute for Computer Science (IfI). It represents work in progress toward a proposal for an integrated family of top-level ontologies and will be applied to several fields of medicine, in particular to the field of Clinical Trials.

Barbara Heller

Papers

General Formal Ontology (GFO) - A Foundational Ontology Integrating Objects and Processes [Version 1.0]

GOL: toward an axiomatized upper-level ontology

Ontological Categories in GOL

GOL: A general ontological language

Formal Ontology and Principles of GOL