자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Keywords: a Vocabulary of Culture and Society

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Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom

Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs

This paper explores the interrelationship of space, the elements and the embodied experiences of water-based physical activity. It draws upon alternative forms of research and representation to draw out the embodied nature of the experiences in exploring the practices of windsurfing amongst communities of windsurfers. It proposes that ethnography and autoethnography can provide for unique insights into the embodied experiences of the life-worlds of ‘being’ in nature. These inter-related methodologies provide particular insights into understanding when the body, grounded through its senses, makes sense of and interacts with its natural surroundings. It argues that autoethnography may provide methodologies for understanding and analysing connections between personal embodied nature-based experiences, culture and nature. This paper brings into play personal experience in windsurfing and autoethnographies of other nature-based sport to uncover connections between body, affects, emotions and the senses as the body engages with natural elements. It engages with expressions of spirituality, as alternative to ‘flow’, and the speculative notion of kinetic empathy to propose the concept of body pedagogics as analytically useful in exploring social and environmental action in local and global spaces.

Embodiment and social and environmental action in nature-based sport: spiritual spaces

This paper discusses social and cultural theory and tracts the ways in which gender has been conceptualised. It argues that the ʻoutdoor industryʼ in its various manifestations constitutes an aspect of society that can not be ignored. It suggests that outdoor adventure/education,
like other dimensions of society, can usefully be subjected to critical examination. Having discussed perspectives surrounding the social construction of gender, the paper draws attention to classic work that has explored ideologies of femininity and the implication for
women and men. The paper then goes on to argue that the more recent interactionist theories and cultural studies offer less deterministic and more insightful approaches to exploring peopleʼs experiences of outdoor adventure/education. The concept of hegemonic masculinity
is drawn upon to examine ʻthe outdoor industryʼ in light of the current ʻcrisis of masculinityʼ. Finally, the paper raises further questions regarding outdoor adventure/education as a site of alternative femininities and masculinities and as counter-culture.

The ʻOutdoor Industryʼ as Social and Educational Phenomena:Gender and Outdoor Adventure/Education

Acknowledgements - Foreword J.Hargreaves - Introduction G.Clarke & B.Humberstone - Managing a Women's Sport Organisation: Interpreting Biographies G.Clarke & B.Humberstone - Researching a Women's Sport Organisation B.Grace - Playing a Part: The Lives of Lesbian Physical Education Teachers G.Clarke - Islam, Well-Being and Physical Activity: Perceptions of Muslim Young Women H.Zaman - Self-Confidence and Self-Esteem in Physical Education and Sport J.Graydon - On Pleasure and Pain: Women Speak Out about Physical Activity J.Wright & A.Dewar - Working on the Body: Links between Physical Activity and Social Power S.Gilroy - Elite Women Wheelchair Athletes in Australia T.Grey - Sexual Harassment and Sexual Abuse in Sport C.Brackenridge -Time and Context in Women's Sport and Leisure M.Talbot - Gender Relations in Physical Education Initial Teacher Education A.Flintoff - The Sporting Lives of Women in European Countries: Issues in Cross-National Research S.Scraton - Challenging Dominant Ideologies in the Research Process B.Humberstone - Notes on Contributors - Index

Researching women and sport

This article uses a Gramscian perspective to explore the subculture of snowboarding, suggesting that cultural power is both resisted and reproduced. It examines the impact of commercialization on a snowboarding subculture from a participant perspective, gained from semi-structured interviews with boarders and skiers at a resort in British Columbia, Canada. The paper discusses new ways that snowboarders differentiate themselves from wider sporting cultures, in addition to how they do not outrightly reject the ideologies of mainstream sport but instead attempt to involve themselves more in the snowboarding industry. Through linking themselves with traditionally non-snowboarding institutions and creating alternatives to them, snowboarders become actively involved in the organization of snowboarding.

A battle for control: exchanges of power in the subculture of snowboarding

This article explores the approaches to risk that some teachers adopt when they are involved in facilitating outdoor activities. The research was carried out at a residential outdoor centre as part of a PhD study and a follow-up pilot project. The participants were primary school pupils, their teachers and the centre staff. For the purpose of this article, the term ‘teacher’ is used to refer to both visiting teachers accompanying the school groups and the centre staff. This research was eclectic. It took an ethnographic approach using participant observation and semi-structured interviews to collect a variety of data. Ethnography was considered as the most appropriate for this research because it puts an emphasis on understanding the perceptions and cultures of the people and organisations studied. The findings of the research have shown that, on occasion, teachers take a controlling approach when facilitating outdoor activities in order to manage the perceived risk of being in the outdoors. This tended to result in the disempowerment of the children and put the teachers in a position of power, which had serious implications for the pupils’ learning experience. By giving the children specific instructions, and mainly focusing on maintaining discipline during the activities, teachers do not allow their pupils to workout how to deal with risk. The article argues that this had a negative impact on the educational process by taking away opportunities for learning from the children.

Barbara Humberstone

Papers

Embodiment and social and environmental action in nature-based sport: spiritual spaces

The ʻOutdoor Industryʼ as Social and Educational Phenomena:Gender and Outdoor Adventure/Education

Researching women and sport

A battle for control: exchanges of power in the subculture of snowboarding

An ethnography of the outdoor classroom – how teachers manage risk in the outdoors