世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

We develop a cointegrating nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model in which short- and long-run nonlinearities are introduced via positive and negative partial sum decompositions of the explanatory variables. We demonstrate that the model is estimable by OLS and that reliable long-run inference can be achieved by bounds-testing regardless of the integration orders of the variables. Furthermore, we derive asymmetric dynamic multipliers that graphically depict the traverse between the short- and the long-run. The salient features of the model are illustrated using the example of the nonlinear unemployment-output relationship in the US, Canada and Japan.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2344046_code1643826.pdf?abstractid=1807745&mirid=5

Modelling Asymmetric Cointegration and Dynamic Multipliers in a Nonlinear ARDL Framework

A number of economists find that growth and schooling are highly correlated across countries. A model is examined in which the ability to build on the human capital of one's elders plays an important role in linking growth to schooling. The model is calibrated to quantify the strength of the effect of schooling on growth by using evidence from the labor literature on Mincerian returns to education. The upshot is that the impact of schooling on growth explains less than one-third of the empirical cross-country relationship. The ability of reverse causality to explain this empirical relationship is also investigated.

/pdf/does-schooling-cause-growth-21i5hp5nfv.pdf

Does Schooling Cause Growth

Economics Of Discrimination

Lowest-low fertility, defined as a period total fertility rate at or below 1.3, has rapidly spread in Europe during the 1990s. This article traces the emergence of this new phenomenon to the interaction of five factors. First, tempo and compositional distortions reduce the total fertility rate below the associated level of cohort fertility. Second, socioeconomic changes—including increased returns to human capital and high economic uncertainty in early adulthood—have made late childbearing a rational response for individuals and couples. Third, social interaction effects reinforce this behavioral adjustment and contribute to large and persistent postponement in the mean age at birth. Fourth, institutional settings favor an overall low quantum of fertility. Fifth, postponement–quantum interactions amplify the consequences of this institutional setting when combined with ongoing delays of child-bearing. The article concludes with speculations about future trends in current and prospective lowest-low-fertility countries.

The Emergence of Lowest‐Low Fertility in Europe During the 1990s

This short paper investigates the path through the 1990s of the gender pay gap in a number of former communist countries of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The main findings are that the gender pay gap has not exhibited, in general, an upward tendency over the transitional period to which available data relate. Most of the gender pay gap is ascribed to the "unexplained" component using conventional decompositions and this may partly be attributable to the proxy measure for labor force experience used in this study. Quantile regression analysis indicates that, in all but one country, the ceteris paribus gender pay gap rises as we move up the wage distribution.

The Gender Pay Gap in the Transition from Communism: Some Empirical Evidence

This paper exploits the Workplace Industrial Relations Survey from 1990 (WIRS3) to examine the determinants of workplace injuries for a sample of manufacturing establishments in the UK. A key focus of this paper is an assessment of the role played by union-appointed safety representatives and joint health and safety consultative committees in reducing the frequency of workplace accidents. We find that joint consultative committees, with all employee representatives appointed by unions, significantly reduce workplace injuries relative to those establishments where the management alone determine health and safety arrangements. However, an important role is also found for those joint consultative commitees where no employee representatives are appointed by unions.

Unions, Safety Committees and Workplace Injuries

This short paper investigates the path through the 1990s of the gender pay gap in a number of former communist countries of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The main findings are that the gender pay gap has not exhibited, in general, an upward tendency over the transitional period to which available data relate. Most of the gender pay gap is ascribed to the ‘unexplained’ component using conventional decompositions and this may partly be attributable to the proxy measure for labour force experience used in this study. Quantile regression analysis indicates that, in all but one country, the ceteris paribus gender pay gap rises as we move up the wage distribution.

The gender wage gap in Russia: some empirical evidence

. University of Edinburgh and University of SussexFinal version received 5 May 1992.This paper presents estimates for the employer plant size-wage gap for Britain. Using anordered probit model, selectivity-corrected wage equations are estimated for three plant sizecategories. In a comparison between plants with more than 500 workers and those with lessthan 100, a wage gap estimate of over 17 per cent is detected. The wage effects of unionizationin plants with more than 500 workers is reported as insignificant. In contrast to evidenceprovided by Idson and Feaster (1990) for the United States, no evidence of non-randomsorting of workers across plant size is detected. .

Barry Reilly

Papers

The Gender Pay Gap in the Transition from Communism: Some Empirical Evidence

Unions, Safety Committees and Workplace Injuries

The Gender Pay Gap in the Transition from Communism: Some Empirical Evidence

The gender wage gap in Russia: some empirical evidence

The Employer Size-Wage Gap: Evidence for Britain