The network structure of a hyperlinked environment can be a rich source of information about the content of the environment, provided we have effective means for understanding it. We develop a set of algorithmic tools for extracting information from the link structures of such environments, and report on experiments that demonstrate their effectiveness in a variety of context on the World Wide Web. The central issue we address within our framework is the distillation of broad search topics, through the discovery of “authorative” information sources on such topics. We propose and test an algorithmic formulation of the notion of authority, based on the relationship between a set of relevant authoritative pages and the set of “hub pages” that join them together in the link structure. Our formulation has connections to the eigenvectors of certain matrices associated with the link graph; these connections in turn motivate additional heuristrics for link-based analysis.

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Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment

bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/rev/74/6/431.pdf

Perception of the speech code.

We argue that an understanding of the faculty of language requires substantial interdisciplinary cooperation. We suggest how current developments in linguistics can be profitably wedded to work in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. We submit that a distinction should be made between the faculty of language in the broad sense (FLB)and in the narrow sense (FLN) . FLB includes a sensory-motor system, a conceptual-intentional system, and the computational mechanisms for recursion, providing the capacity to generate an infinite range of expressions from a finite set of elements. We hypothesize that FLN only includes recursion and is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language. We further argue that FLN may have evolved for reasons other than language, hence comparative studies might look for evidence of such computations outside of the domain of communication (for example, number, navigation, and social relations).

/pdf/the-faculty-of-language-what-is-it-who-has-it-and-how-did-it-2ls6go98wi.pdf

The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?

Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Edited by I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave. Pp. viii, 282. £3·50, paperback £1. 1970. (Cambridge University Press.)

In listening to speech, one typically reduces the number and variety of the many sounds with which he is bombarded by casting them into one or another of the phoneme categories that his language allows. Thus, a listener will identify as b, for example, quite a large number of acoustically different sounds. Although these differences are likely to be many and various, some of them will occur along an acoustic continuum that contains cues for a different phoneme, such as d. This is important for the present study because it provides a basis for the question to be examined here: whether or not, with similar acoustic differences, a listener can better discriminate between sounds that lie on opposite sides of a phoneme boundary than he can between sounds that fall within the same phoneme category. There are grounds for expecting an affirmative answer to this question. The most obvious, perhaps, are to be found in the common experience that in learning a new language one often

https://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/staff/ddc/c8cxpa/further/CR_material/Categorical%20perception.pdf

The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries.

It is shown that the mapping of a particular area of science, in this case information science, can be done using authors as units of analysis and the cocitations of pairs of authors as the variable that indicates their “distances” from each other. The analysis assumes that the more two authors are cited together, the closer the relationship between them. The raw data are cocitation counts drawn online from Social Scisearch (Social Sciences Citation Index) over the period 1972–1979. The resulting map shows (1) identifiable author groups (akin to “schools”) of information science, (2) locations of these groups with respect to each other, (3) the degree of centrality and peripherality of authors within groups, (4) proximities of authors within group and across group boundaries (“border authors” who seem to connect various areas of research), and (5) positions of authors with respect to the map's axes, which were arbitrarily set spanning the most divergent groups in order to aid interpretation. Cocitation analysis of authors offers a new technique that might contribute to the understanding of intellectual structure in the sciences and possibly in other areas to the extent that those areas rely on serial publications. The technique establishes authors, as well as documents, as an effective unit in analyzing subject specialties.

Author cocitation: A literature measure of intellectual structure

In this paper we report a first experiment using a new computer-based technique to identify clusters of highly interactive documents in science. We contend that these clusters represent the scientific specialties which currently exhibit high levels of activity. This technique, we believe, opens the way to a systematic exploration of the entire specialty structure of science, including both the internal structure of specialties and their relationship to one another. That science is a mosaic of specialties, and not a unified whole, either socially or intellectually, is a frequently made assumption, but only recently has this infra-structure of science become the subject of systematic study. Most scientists have intuitive notions about the subdivisions of their fields, but no observer, however broadly trained, can gain an overall perspective on the scientific mosaic. A series of recent studies has called attention to the importance of specialties as 'building blocks' of science. Crawford's paper' described how one specialty, sleep research, is effectively organized as a communication system around certain key individuals and research centres. Griffith and Mullins2 have argued that major changes in a variety of disciplines have been generated within small, socially coherent groups. *325 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, I 9I o6, USA.

The Structure of Scientific Literatures I: Identifying and Graphing Specialties:

Part I of this paperl described the first steps in mapping the scientific literature, using a new technique-co-citation-to measure the degree of similarity among documents. The work developed directly from an earlier paper2 which defined this measure, and explored its relationship to other citation measures for identifying relationships among documents. We now report the outcome of an attempt to create 'maps' of the scientific literature. The scales of these maps have been systematically manipulated so that they present, not only an overview of all highly-cited papers in natural science, but

Belver C. Griffith

Papers

The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries.

Author cocitation: A literature measure of intellectual structure

The Structure of Scientific Literatures I: Identifying and Graphing Specialties:

The Structure of Scientific Literatures II: Toward a Macro- and Microstructure for Science

Scientific communication: Its role in the conduct of research and creation of knowledge.