CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION I. . . . . 44 FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Occurrence and quantitative variation . . . . . I44 Metabolism and physiological role . . . . . . 148 Uptake and utilization . . . . . . . 148 Polyols as natural substrates . . . . . .I49 Polyols as storage products . . . . . . I50 Polyols in spores and spore germination . . . . I51 Intermediary metabolism and enzymology . . . . I53 The role of polyols in storage of reducing power and coenzyme regulation . . . . . . . . . . 56 The control of polyol synthesis . . . . . .I57 ALGAE . . . . . . . . . . . I57 Occurrence and quantitative variation . . . . . 157 Phaeophyta . . . . . . . . . I59 Rhodophyta . . . . . . . . .I6I Chlorophyta . . . . . . . i6I Chrysophyta and Pyrrophyta . . . . . i6i Heterotrophic growth . . . . . . . . i6I Metabolism and physiological role . . . . . . i62 Phaeophyta . . . . . . . . . i62 Other phyla . . . . . . . . .I63 LICHENS . . . . . . . . . . . I64 Occurrence and quantitative variation . . . . . I64 Metabolism and physiological role . . . . . . i66 Accumulation of polyols during photosynthesis . . . i66 Uptake . . . . . . . . . . I67 Endogenous metabolism . . . . . . . I67 HIGHER PLANTS . . . . . . . . . i68 Occurrence and quantitative variation . .. . . I68 Metabolism and physiological role I. . . . . 70 Photosynthesis and translocation . . . . . . I70 Enzymology . . . . . . . . 171 Endogenous metabolism . . . . . . I73 Heterotrophic nutrition . . . . . . . I74 DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . 175 Occurrence and quantitative variation . . . . . 175 Carbohydrate storage . . . . . . . . 175 Translocation . . . . . . . . . 176 Osmo-regulation . . . . . . . . . I77 Enzymology and control of synthesis . . . . . 177 Coenzyme regulation and storage of reducing power . . I78 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . I78 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I. . . . . 78 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . I79

Sugar alcohols (polyols) in fungi and green plants

The processes of humification occur mainly under aerobic conditions. Animals that live in the soil may initially reduce the size of the fresh organic residues. Further transformations are promoted by the activity of the enzymes of bacteria and fungi living in the soil. Cellulose, proteins and fats are readily available carbon sources for the microorganisms, whereas such compounds as lignin and other phenolic plant constituents are decomposed more slowly. These, as well as some of the new substances that are formed through oxidation of phenolic units, are toxic to different degrees. They can therefore serve as carbon sources only for special species of microorganisms. Besides the organic residue derived from higher animals and plants, many substances synthesized by microorganisms can serve as carbon sources.

Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Humic Substances

Methods of aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in the biosphere are well understood, but it is only relatively recently that it has been shown how some bacteria can also degrade these substrates in the absence of molecular oxygen. This occurs by photometabolism (Athiorhodaceae), nitrate respiration (Pseudomonas and Moraxella sp.) and methanogenic fermentation (a consortium) in which the benzene nucleus is first reduced and then cleaved by hydrolysis to yield aliphatic acids for cell growth. These methods may be used by microbial communities to catabolise man-made pollutants.

Biochemistry of the bacterial catabolism of aromatic compounds in anaerobic environments

Synthesis of sulfoxides by oxidation of thioethers

Publisher Summary β -ketoadipate pathway is considered one of the major microbial pathways for the dissimilation of aromatic and hydroaromatic compounds It provides a mechanism for the utilization of many different primary substrates, and offers a wide taxonomic distribution, both among bacteria and among fungi Various primary substrates dissimilated through this pathway are initially converted, through special reaction sequences, either to protocatechuic acid or to catechol These diphenols are regarded as the sites of entry to the two parallel and convergent branches of the β -ketoadipate pathway This chapter discusses the central reactions of the pathway—namely, those which result in the conversion of the two diphenolic intermediates to succinate and acetyl-CoA The most striking chemical feature of the bacterial β -ketoadipate pathway is the close chemical analogy between the successive metabolites of the catechol and protocatechuate branches, which differ only by the presence or absence of a carboxyl substituent The presence or absence of a carboxyl substituent on the substrates causes a major difference in chemical reactivity and imposes different requirements on the active sites of the enzymes operative in the two branches of the pathway

The beta-ketoadipate pathway.

Chemistry of the oxidative metabolism of certain aromatic compounds by micro-organisms.

/pdf/perjodatoxydation-von-phenolen-viii-18o-studien-zum-2tcbl6egtd.pdf

Perjodatoxydation von Phenolen. VIII. 18O-Studien zum Mechanismus der oxydativen Spaltung der Monoäther des Brenzcatechins und des Hydrochinons.

/pdf/uber-einige-n-substituierte-dimethyl-diamino-silane-und-4t5f57hq6m.pdf

Über einige N-substituierte Dimethyl-diamino-silane und verwandte Verbindungen.

/pdf/gas-chromatographic-separation-of-unsaturated-hydrocarbons-4ob12hrenp.pdf

Gas Chromatographic Separation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Using Silver Nitrate in Ethylene Glycol as the Stationary Phase.

/pdf/analysis-of-aqueous-mixtures-by-gas-chromatography-1suypkc63z.pdf

Bengt Smith

Papers

Chemistry of the oxidative metabolism of certain aromatic compounds by micro-organisms.

Perjodatoxydation von Phenolen. VIII. 18O-Studien zum Mechanismus der oxydativen Spaltung der Monoäther des Brenzcatechins und des Hydrochinons.

Über einige N-substituierte Dimethyl-diamino-silane und verwandte Verbindungen.

Gas Chromatographic Separation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Using Silver Nitrate in Ethylene Glycol as the Stationary Phase.

Analysis of Aqueous Mixtures by Gas Chromatography.