This chapter introduces the finite element method (FEM) as a tool for solution of classical electromagnetic problems. Although we discuss the main points in the application of the finite element method to electromagnetic design, including formulation and implementation, those who seek deeper understanding of the finite element method should consult some of the works listed in the bibliography section.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method

Numerical simulation of the forging process

The present work deals with the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of 7075 aluminum alloy which has been backward extruded under different deformation conditions. The backward extrusion passes were carried out in the temperature range of 450–520 °C using different punch diameters (12 and 15 mm) and punch displacement velocities (5 and 25 mm/min). The results indicate that a combination of different recrystallization mechanisms (i.e., continuous, discontinuous and geometrical ones) may contribute to the formation of new recrystallized grains during applied backward extrusion process. A small specimen testing technique (shear punch testing method) was employed to evaluate the mechanical properties of backward extruded work-pieces at room temperature. The results showed that the corresponding mechanical properties have been improved through applied backward extrusion passes. It is also found that the shear strength and ductility values have been substantially influenced by the deformation temperature and punch velocity and punch diameter.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of back extruded 7075 aluminum alloy at elevated temperatures

Material-based design of the extrusion of bimetallic tubes

Analysis of forward–backward-radial extrusion process

The forming characteristics of radial–backward extrusion

An analysis of the forging processes for 6061 aluminum-alloy wheels

A process-sequence design of an axle-housing by cold extrusion using thick-walled pipe

This paper is concerned with the optimization of the drive for a linear guide press, which is one of the mechanical presses. The design of a linear guide drive for a mechanical press is introduced, and the eccentric mechanism is optimized in order to improve the load and velocity characteristics. The optimized drive is compared with the existing one in terms of load, velocity, torque, etc. As a result of optimization, the load capacity during the stroke is increased and the slide velocity in the working region is reduced. The new design provides many applications for precision forming such as extrusion and the sheet metal forming processes.

A study on the optimization of a mechanical press drive

A design methodology is applied to manufacturing a disk-brake piston component. A rigid plastic finite element method is applied to simulate the conventional four-stage manufacturing process and the one-step process from a selected stock to the final product shape for information on metal flows. Two-stage forming operations with different punch corner and nose radii are also simulated to identify the best possible solutions. The best manufacturing process is selected, which uses a hemispherical punch in the drawing process. Experiments are conducted for comparison with the numerical results. The good agreement between the experimental and numerical results validates the design methodology using the finite element method.

Beong-Bok Hwang

Papers

The forming characteristics of radial–backward extrusion

An analysis of the forging processes for 6061 aluminum-alloy wheels

A process-sequence design of an axle-housing by cold extrusion using thick-walled pipe

A study on the optimization of a mechanical press drive

A process sequence design on the forming process of disk-brake piston