So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

Soil Chemical Analysis

Principles of Plant Breeding

/pdf/gge-biplot-analysis-of-multi-environment-yield-trials-of-ca7ed53zt4.pdf

GGE-biplot Analysis of Multi-environment Yield Trials of Barley (Hordeium vulgare L.) Genotypes in Southeastern Ethiopia Highlands

Identification of an ERECTA gene and its drought adaptation associations with wild and cultivated common bean.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important staple crop for smallholder farmers, particularly in Eastern and Southern Africa. To support common bean breeding and seed dissemination, a high throughput SNP genotyping platform with 1500 established SNP assays has been developed at a genotyping service provider which allows breeders without their own genotyping infrastructure to outsource such service. A set of 708 genotypes mainly composed of germplasm from African breeders and CIAT breeding program were assembled and genotyped with over 800 SNPs. Diversity analysis revealed that both Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools are in use, with an emphasis on large seeded Andean genotypes, which represents the known regional preferences. The analysis of genetic similarities among germplasm entries revealed duplicated lines with different names as well as distinct SNP patterns in identically named samples. Overall, a worrying number of inconsistencies was identified in this data set of very diverse origins. This exemplifies the necessity to develop and use a cost-effective fingerprinting platform to ensure germplasm purity for research, sharing and seed dissemination. The genetic data also allows to visualize introgressions, to identify heterozygous regions to evaluate hybridization success and to employ marker-assisted selection. This study presents a new resource for the common bean community, a SNP genotyping platform, a large SNP data set and a number of applications on how to utilize this information to improve the efficiency and quality of seed handling activities, breeding, and seed dissemination through molecular tools.

/pdf/analyses-of-african-common-bean-phaseolus-vulgaris-l-52airakmb2.pdf

Analyses of African common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm using a SNP fingerprinting platform: diversity, quality control and molecular breeding

Adaptation and Yield Stability of Small Red Bean Elite Lines in Ethiopia

Understanding
the nature and extent of association between yield and yield related traits is the prerequisite study for any underutilized crop
improvements of sustainable genetic enhancement. However, there
is a lack of sufficient information on seed yield and related trait correlation
and path coefficient analysis of cowpea in Ethiopia. To fill the existing
knowledge gap, the present study was conducted to determine the nature and
extent of phenotypic and genotypic correlation and path coefficient analysis
among 18 quantitative traits. A total of 324 cowpea landraces were tested in 18 × 18
simple lattice design at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center and Miesso sub
center during 2016 cropping season. The magnitude of genotypic correlations was
higher than phenotypic correlations in most traits at both locations; this
implies that the traits under consideration were genetically controlled. Seed
yield was positively and highly significantly correlated with most of the
traits at phenotypic and genotypic levels, indicating the presence of strong
inherited association between seed yield and the other 17 traits. Almost all
traits genotypic direct and indirect effects were higher than the phenotypic
direct and indirect effects; this indicated that the other traits had a strong
genetically inherited relationship with seed yield. Genotypic path coefficient
analysis revealed that days to flowering, biomass and harvest index at Miesso,
and seed thickness, plant height, days to maturity and biomass at Melkassa had
relatively high positive direct effect on seed yield. However, seed width and
hundred seed weight had exerted negative direct effect on seed yield at each
location. Phenotypic path coefficient analysis showed that biomass and harvest
index had exerted high positive direct effect on seed yield at both locations.
From these results it can be concluded from this study that seed yield in
cowpea can be improved by focusing on traits pod length, seed length, seed
thickness, seed width, biomass and harvest index at both locations. The information
obtained from this study can be used for genetic enhancement of cowpea thereby
developing high yielding varieties.

/pdf/correlation-and-path-coefficient-analyses-of-cowpea-vigna-3tew4t60ml.pdf

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analyses of Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.) Landraces in Ethiopia

Isolation and evaluation of symbiotic effectiveness of native rhizobia isolates are important to develop effective inoculant and achieve maximum legume productivity. This work was initiated to auth...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23311932.2020.1763648

Symbiotic effectiveness of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) nodulating rhizobia isolated from soils of major cowpea producing areas in Ethiopia

አህፅሮት ደገራ በድርቅ ተጋላጭ በሆኑ የኢትዮጵያ ክፍሎች የሚበቅልና ዝቅተኛ ገቢ ባላቸዉ አርሶ አደሮች የሚመረት ባለብዙ ጥቅም ጥራጥሬ ነዉ፡፡በደገራ ዝርያወች ዉስጥ ያለዉ የዘረመል ልዩነት መረጃ ማወቅ ለሰብል ማሻሻል እና አሁን ያሉትን የዘረመል ሀብቶች በብቃት ለመጠቀም በጣም አስፈላጊ ነዉ፡፡ስለዚህ ከጥናቱ ዓላማዎች መካከል፤ የስነቅርፅ ልዩነት እና መጠንን መገምገም እና የተተነተኑ ትንታኔዎችን በመጠቀም የስነ ባህሪ ብዝህነትን ለመለየት የሚያስችሏቸዉን ባህሪያት መለየት ነዉ፡፡የመስክ ሙከራዉ የተካሄደዉ በ2016 የመከር ወቅት በመልካሳ ግብርና ምርምር ማዕከል እና በመኢሶ ንዑስ ማእከል 324 የደገራ ዝርያዎችን በመጠቀም ነበር፡፡ የመጀመሪያዎቹ ሰባት ዋና አካላት principal components) ከጠቅላላዉ ልዩነት ሰባ ሰባት በመቶ አብራርተዋል፡፡ሁሉም በሚባል ደረጃ የተፈተኑ ማሳያዎች(ባህሪዎች) ለመጀመሪያዉ ፒሲ ዉስጥ ለተለዋዋጭነት ወሳኝ አስተወፅኦ ነበራቸዉ፡፡ ቁጥራዊ ባህሪ ላይ የተመሰረተ ትንተና በዘጠና በመቶ ተመሳሳይነት ደረጃ ስድስት የተለያዩ ቡድኖችን አሳይቷል፡፡የዘረመል ቡድኖች (clustering of genotypes)የጂኦግራፊያዊ ስርጭትና መገኛ መካከል ምንም ግኑኝነት እንደሌለዉ አመላክቷ፡፡ ከፍተኛዉ የሽግግር ቡድን በክላስተር 4 እና በክላስተር 5(D 2 = 41.62) መካከል ተመዝግቧ፡፡የintra እና inter ቡድን ርቀት በቅደምተከተል ከ6.08 እስከ 22.72 እና 17.37 እስከ 41.61 ክፍሎች ነበር፡፡ ስለሆነም ከፍተኛ የሆኑ የዘረመል ርቀት በቡድን ዉስጥ እና መካከል ታይቷል፡፡የሚታየዉታይቷል፡፡የሚታየዉ ከፍተኛ የዘር ልዩነት ለወደፊቱ ለደገራ ማዳቀል እና እርባታ መርሀ ግብር በጣም የተሳሉ ወላጆችን በመምረጥ በጥቅም ላይ መዋል አለበት፡፡ Abstract Cowpea is a multipurpose pulse crop grown by poor farmers in marginal and drought prone areas of Ethiopia. Information on the extent of genetic variation in cowpea genotypes is crucial to identify diverse genotypes for crop improvement and for efficient utilization of the existing genetic resources. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to assess the extent and pattern of morphological diversity among cowpea genotypes and to identify the traits contributing to the genetic diversity using multivariate analyses. The field experiment was conducted using 324 genotypes at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center and Miesso sub-center during the2016 cropping season. The first seven principal components explained 77% of the total variation. Almost all tested traits were important contributors to the variability in the first PC. The cluster analysis based on quantitative traits revealed six distinct groups at 90% similarity level. The clustering of genotypes did not follow patterns of geographical origin, indicating no relationship between genetic and geographic distribution. The highest inter cluster D 2 was recorded between cluster IV and cluster VI (D 2 =41.62 units). The range of intra and inter cluster distance was 6.08 to 22.72 units and 17.37 to 41.62 units, respectively. Hence, the high genetic distance exhibited within and among clusters has to be exploited via crossing and selection of the most divergent parents for future cowpea breeding program.

/pdf/genetic-diversity-of-ethiopian-cowpea-vigna-unguiculata-l-19nhr5x0ts.pdf

Berhanu Amsalu

Papers

Analyses of African common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm using a SNP fingerprinting platform: diversity, quality control and molecular breeding

Adaptation and Yield Stability of Small Red Bean Elite Lines in Ethiopia

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analyses of Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.) Landraces in Ethiopia

Symbiotic effectiveness of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) nodulating rhizobia isolated from soils of major cowpea producing areas in Ethiopia

Genetic Diversity of Ethiopian Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp] Genotypes Using Multivariate Analyses