Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

This paper combines the concept of weak ties from social network research and the notion of complex knowledge to explain the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits in a...

The Search-Transfer Problem: The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge across Organization Subunits.

http://onemvweb.com/sources/sources/network_structure_social_capital.pdf

The Network Structure Of Social Capital

Meanwhile, the authors' antidote to the American sicknessa quest for democratic community that draws on our diverse civic and religious traditionshas contributed to a vigorous scholarly and popular debate. Attention has been focused on forms of social organization, be it civil society, democratic communitarianism, or associative democracy, that can humanize the market and the administrative state. In their new Introduction the authors relate the argument of their book both to the current realities of American society and to the growing debate about the country's future. With this new edition one of the most influential books of recent times takes on a new immediacy.\

Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life

A theory of norms and normality is presented and applied to some phenomena of emotional responses, social judgment, and conversations about causes. Norms are assumed to be constructed ad hoc by recruiting specific representations. Category norms are derived by recruiting exemplars. Specific objects or events generate their own norms by retrieval of similar experiences stored in memory or by construction of counterfactual alternatives. The normality of a stimulus is evaluated by comparing it to the norms that it evokes after the fact, rather than to precomputed expectations. Norm theory is applied in analyses of the enhanced emotional response to events that have abnormal causes, of the generation of predictions and inferences from observations of behavior, and of the role of norms in causal questions and answers. This article is concerned with category norms that represent knowledge of concepts and with stimulus norms that govern comparative judgments and designate experiences as surprising. In the tradition of adaptation level theory (Appley, 1971; Helson, 1964), the concept of norm is applied to events that range in complexity from single visual displays to social interactions. We first propose a model of an activation process that produces norms, then explore the role of norms in social cognition. The central idea of the present treatment is that norms are computed after the event rather than in advance. We sketch a supplement to the generally accepted idea that events in the stream of experience are interpreted and evaluated by consulting precomputed schemas and frames of reference. The view developed here is that each stimulus selectively recruits its own alternatives (Garner, 1962, 1970) and is interpreted in a rich context of remembered and constructed representations of what it could have been, might have been, or should have been. Thus, each event brings its own frame of reference into being. We also explore the idea that knowledge of categories (e.g., "encounters with Jim") can be derived on-line by selectively evoking stored representations of discrete episodes and exemplars. The present model assumes that a number of representations can be recruited in parallel, by either a stimulus event or an

https://www3.canyons.edu/faculty/rafterm/0%200LLI%20LOVEandLOSS/Day%206%20Files/1986%20-%20Norm%20Theory%20-%20Comparing%20Reality%20to%20Its%20Alternatives.pdf

Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives

Job Mobility and Social Ties: Social Resources, Prior Job, and Status Attainment

Social Attitudes and Psychophysical Measurement

Analysis and debate about economic and political justice rarely involves research on the views of the common person. Scholars often make assumptions about what common people think is fair, but for the most part they confine their thinking to a single country and argue on rational or moral grounds, with little supporting empirical data. "Social Justice and Political Change", involves the collaboration of thirty social scientists in twelve countries, and represents broad-ranging comparative research.The book grows out of a collaborative study of public opinion about social justice. Though conceived prior to the revolutions that swept Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, the ISJP did not put its survey into the field until the summer of 1991, in a new climate of open international exchange in social research. Employing common methods of data collection and, within the limits of translation, identical survey instruments, the ISJP investigated public opinion in seven newly emerging post-Communist countries and five of the world's most influential capitalist democracies, with special sensitivity to divergencies in the newly united Germany.Among the themes addressed by the volume's distinguished contributors are the views and beliefs of citizens in the post-Communist states on the transition to market economies and parliamentary democracy; the role of ideology in legitimating inequality; the structural determination of beliefs about justice; the processes that shape individual level evaluations; and the major implications of public opinion and mass participation in the democratic process.

Social justice and political change : public opinion in capitalist and post-communist states

Reviewing the major stratification theories that involve prestige as a concept, this chapter suggests that these theories differ in that they base prestige either on achievement, esteem, honor, or charisma. None of these theories is able to solve the problem of how theoretically to merge the idea of social closure with that of a hierarchy of positions. Empirically, research on prestige and prestige measurement has for some time been confronted with findings that demonstrate the inferior role of prestige in status attainment models. Dissensus in prestige judgments, regarding prestige of women in particular, is another recent concern. While the “dominant view” of prestige measurement, arguing for prestige consensus in society, is defended, emphasis is placed on studies that detect systematic interindividual variation of prestige judgments. The review concludes that empirically, prestige research has diversified and deals now with two different concept of prestige, one linked to the idea of a social hierarch...

Concepts and Measurement of Prestige

1 Die Vorbereitungen fUr diese Arbeit reichen bis in das Jahr 1979 zuriick Ihre Niederschrift ist aber eine Sache der letzten zwolf Monate. Fur die Dauer dieser Zeit war ich an zwei amerikanischen Universitaten zu Gast: zuerst in Wisconsin 2 Madison, dann in Harvard Mehr als ich es zunachst wahrgenommen habe, haben beide Forschungsaufenthalte durch die Anregungen, die sie mir vermitteln konnten, das Gesicht meiner Untersuchung verandert. Der Grund war ihre Gegensatzlichkeit: Das Soziologie-Department der Universitat von Wisconsin ist als Heimstatt der sogenannten Wisconsin-Schule der empirischen Mobilitats forschung bekannt. In Cambridge dagegen ist auch heute noch der Geist Talcott Parsons' lebendig. Beide Ausrichtungen sind keine naturlichen Partner. Ich glaube aber, daB sie sich auf wichtige Weise erganzen. Die Absicht, das aufzuzei gen, wurde zum Leitmotiv meiner Arbeit. Die Frage nach Sozialprestige eignet sich fUr ein solches synthetisches Unter nehmen in besonderer Weise. Ich will versuchen, den diesbezuglich wichtigsten Gedanken im Vorgriff anzudeuten. Die Eigentumlichkeit der Vorstellung von Prestige ist, daB sie sich auf eine subjektive Wahrnehmung bezieht, zugleich aber auch auf eine objektive, die Gesellschaft in bestimmter Hinsicht strukturierende Gegebenheit. Prestige ist also eine Ordnungsinstanz fUr unser Handeln, die in bezug auf Individuen ihrer Herkunft nach sowohl intern als auch extern ist. Diese Doppelnatur hat die Konturen des Begriffs stets verschwommen erscheinen lassen beziehungsweise sie hat dort, wo wissenschaftliche Eindeutigkeit als Standard galt, zur Ausklam merungjeweils des einen Teils - zu Reduktionismus - gefUhrt.

Bernd Wegener

Papers

Job Mobility and Social Ties: Social Resources, Prior Job, and Status Attainment

Social Attitudes and Psychophysical Measurement

Social justice and political change : public opinion in capitalist and post-communist states

Concepts and Measurement of Prestige

Kritik des Prestiges