抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety of activities that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth's biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aesthetic reasons, but they also have a strong potential to alter ecosystem properties and the goods and services they provide to humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, and theoretical developments show that ecosystem properties depend greatly on biodiversity in terms of the functional characteristics of organisms present in the ecosystem and the distribution and abundance of those organisms over space and time. Species effects act in concert with the effects of climate, resource availability, and disturbance regimes in influencing ecosystem properties. Human activities can modify all of the above factors; here we focus on modification of these biotic controls. The scientific community has come to a broad consensus on many aspects of the re- lationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, including many points relevant to management of ecosystems. Further progress will require integration of knowledge about biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem properties, how ecological communities are struc- tured, and the forces driving species extinctions and invasions. To strengthen links to policy and management, we also need to integrate our ecological knowledge with understanding of the social and economic constraints of potential management practices. Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth's ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain.

/pdf/effects-of-biodiversity-on-ecosystem-functioning-a-consensus-13j8vabcus.pdf

Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge

A doubling in global food demand projected for the next 50 years poses huge challenges for the sustainability both of food production and of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Agriculturalists are the principal managers of global useable lands and will shape, perhaps irreversibly, the surface of the Earth in the coming decades. New incentives and policies for ensuring the sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services will be crucial if we are to meet the demands of improving yields without compromising environmental integrity or public health.

/pdf/agricultural-sustainability-and-intensive-production-1h98l920tu.pdf

Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices

Gas monitoring: In the present study, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on pressed-plate carbonyl iron electrodes is monitored during the formation and continuous electrochemical cycling in 6 M KOH using in situ gas chromatography. The study identifies the HER as the only charge loss mechanism during the recharge and shows how the charging efficiency for the electrode can be increased to 96.7 % and beyond. 

In‐situ hydrogen evolution monitoring during the electrochemical formation and cycling of pressed‐plate carbonyl iron electrodes in alkaline electrolyte

lant scientists are easy to identify, one might think. That’s surely true when comparing them to the sometimes rath-er colourful variety of people gathered under the umbrellas of certain other biodisciplines. Okay, plant scientists do not only work in explicit plant science institutes; you’ll find them in bio-chemistry, genetics and developmental biology institutes as well, although that doesn’t matter. Actually, you only have to check which organism each researcher uses for her or his experiments – and you’ll easily filter out the plant scientists. Well, that certainly makes sense. Nevertheless, you might still encounter a problem or two. What to do for example with the structural biologist who particularly likes to pick photosynthet-ic membrane proteins for his NMR studies? Or the computation-al biologist who has just co-published a couple of software tools designed for the analysis of plant genome sequences? Are they “plant scientists”?We said ‘no’ for two main reasons. Firstly, we think that those people don’t place their main research focus on

Most Cited Authors... Most Cited Authors...

To test several predictions of a model of linear, size-dependent reproductive output in plants, we analyzed the relationship between shoot vegetative (v) and reproductive (r) mass in five experiments on Solidago altissima from an invading population in Switzerland. There was large environmentally-induced and genetic variation in r and v. A large amount of variation in r could be explained by variation in v, using the simple linear model. There was a minimum size for sexual reproduction, and above this size, shoots devoted a relatively constant proportion (about one third) of their biomass to reproductive structures. We detected significant genetic variation for both the minimum size and the slope of the r-v relationship, but there was no evidence for an hypothesized trade-off between minimum size and slope. There was significant genotype-environment interaction for the slope of the r-v relationship. There were also developmental effects on the r-v relationship: plants grown from seeds behaved differently than those of the same genotype grown from rhizomes.

Vegetative mass in' solidago altissima

/pdf/bibliometric-analysis-of-journal-of-plant-ecology-during-28nd0ods.pdf

Bibliometric analysis of Journal of Plant Ecology during 2017–2021

Ground spectroradiometric measurements using a GER3700 spectroradiometer on grassland communities are used to assess the potential of unmixing methods, derivative spectroscopy, and spectral feature fitting. The reference testsite used for this work is a well controlled and maintained area by a multinational biodiversity project, namely 'BIODEPTH'. Results of the application of the different methods are discussed in order to retrieve vegetation cover and nitrogen content.

Bernhard Schmid

Papers

In‐situ hydrogen evolution monitoring during the electrochemical formation and cycling of pressed‐plate carbonyl iron electrodes in alkaline electrolyte

Most Cited Authors... Most Cited Authors...

Vegetative mass in' solidago altissima

Bibliometric analysis of Journal of Plant Ecology during 2017–2021

Extraction and validation of biophysical parameters of grassland communities using field spectroradiometric reflectance measurements