The present study proposed and tested a motivational model of alcohol use in which people are hypothesized to use alcohol to regulate both positive and negative emotions. Two central premises underpin this model: (a) that enhancement and coping motives for alcohol use are proximal determinants of alcohol use and abuse through which the influence of expectancies, emotions, and other individual differences are mediated and (b) that enhancement and coping motives represent phenomenologically distinct behaviors having both unique antecedents and consequences. This model was tested in 2 random samples (1 of adults, 1 of adolescents) using a combination of moderated regression and path analysis corrected for measurement error. Results revealed strong support for the hypothesized model in both samples and indicate the importance of distinguishing psychological motives for alcohol use.

Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions : a motivational model of alcohol use

In this article, the authors evaluate the possible roles of negative emotions and cognitions in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and physical health, focusing on the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. After reviewing the limited direct evidence, the authors examine indirect evidence showing that (a) SES relates to the targeted health outcomes, (b) SES relates to negative emotions and cognitions, and (c) negative emotions and cognitions relate to the targeted health outcomes. The authors present a general framework for understanding the roles of cognitive-emotional factors, suggesting that low-SES environments are stressful and reduce individuals' reserve capacity to manage stress, thereby increasing vulnerability to negative emotions and cognitions. The article concludes with suggestions for future research to better evaluate the proposed model.

http://psych415.class.uic.edu/Readings/Gallo,%20SES,%20health,%20emotions,%20PsyBull,%202003.pdf

Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: do negative emotions play a role?

Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol The National Health and Medical Research council (NHMRC) released revised guidelines which aim to reduce the risks associated with alcohol consumption. The Guidelines can be found on the National and Medical Research Council website — http://www.nhrrirc.dov.au/publications/synobses/ds10s_yn.htnn It provides universal guidance for healthy adults aged 18 years and over and guidelines specific to children and young people and to pregnant and breastfeeding women. The guidelines do not represent a 'safe" or "no-risk" level. Rather, it is an advisory drinking level that enables healthy adults to maintain a low risk of alcohol-related accidents, injuries, diseases and death. What is a standard drink? The term "standard drink" should not be confused with a serving of alcohol, which is often much larger. For example, with wine, a standard drink corresponds to 100mL of wine, whereas a typical serve is at least 150mL. Australian law requires that all cans, bottles and casks containing alcoholic beverages be labelled with the approximate amount of standard drinks it contains. However, it can sometimes be difficult to translate standard drinks into real-life scenarios. There are no common glass sizes used across all drinking environments and people often underestimate how much they are drinking. This is compounded where large containers such as jugs and casks, are shared, where glasses are topped up by others, where the composition of mixed drinks is not known eg. cocktails or punch, and when pre-mixed spirit drinks contain a variable amount of alcohol per bottle or can.

/pdf/australian-guidelines-to-reduce-health-risks-from-drinking-3wlzbbwjn6.pdf

Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol

Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is a comprehensive and integrated approach to the delivery of early intervention and treatment services through universal screening for persons with substance use disorders and those at risk. This paper describes research on the components of SBIRT conducted during the past 25 years, including the development of screening tests, clinical trials of brief interventions and implementation research. Beginning in the 1980s, concerted efforts were made in the US and at the World Health Organization to provide an evidence base for alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary health care settings. With the development of reliable and accurate screening tests for alcohol, more than a hundred clinical trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care, emergency departments and trauma centers. With the accumulation of positive evidence, implementation research on alcohol SBI was begun in the 1990s, followed by trials of similar methods for other substances (e.g., illicit drugs, tobacco, prescription drugs) and by national demonstration programs in the US and other countries. The results of these efforts demonstrate the cumulative benefit of translational research on health care delivery systems and substance abuse policy. That SBIRT yields short-term improvements in individuals' health is irrefutable; long-term effects on population health have not yet been demonstrated, but simulation models suggest that the benefits could be substantial.

/pdf/screening-brief-intervention-and-referral-to-treatment-sbirt-1ft6hbj62u.pdf

Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT): Toward a Public Health Approach to the Management of Substance Abuse.

Substance abuse treatment entry, retention, and outcome in women: a review of the literature.

Aims
This study examined the rates and predictors of 3-year remission, and subsequent 16-year relapse, among initially untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders who did not obtain help or who participated in treatment and/or Alcoholics Anonymous in the first year after recognizing their need for help.

/pdf/rates-and-predictors-of-relapse-after-natural-and-treated-458v64yylv.pdf

Rates and predictors of relapse after natural and treated remission from alcohol use disorders

Family environment scale manual : Development,Applications,Research

This study focused on the duration of participation in professional treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) for previously untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders. These individuals were surveyed at baseline and 1 year, 3 years, 8 years, and 16 years later. Compared with individuals who remained untreated, individuals who obtained 27 weeks or more of treatment in the first year after seeking help had better 16-year alcohol-related outcomes. Similarly, individuals who participated in AA for 27 weeks or more had better 16-year outcomes. Subsequent AA involvement was also associated with better 16-year outcomes, but this was not true of subsequent treatment. Some of the association between treatment and long-term alcohol-related outcomes appears to be due to participation in AA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 735–750, 2006.

/pdf/participation-in-treatment-and-alcoholics-anonymous-a-16-3dvsnj08m7.pdf

Participation in treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: a 16-year follow-up of initially untreated individuals.

The Coping Responses Inventory (CRI) was used to study coping among older problem and nonproblem drinkers. The CRI organizes coping efforts according to their focus (approach or avoidance) and method (cognitive or behavioral). Compared with nonproblem drinkers, older problem drinkers were more likely to use cognitive and behavioral avoidance responses to manage life stressors. Problem drinkers who experienced more negative life events and more severe stressors used both more approach and more avoidance coping. Those who had more financial and social resources relied more on approach and less on avoidance coping. Problem drinkers who relied more on avoidance coping tended to have more drinking problems and to report more depression and physical symptoms and less self-confidence. Positive reappraisal was associated with less depression and more self-confidence.

Approach and avoidance coping responses among older problem and nonproblem drinkers.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/edu/70/2/263.pdf

Bernice S. Moos

Papers

Rates and predictors of relapse after natural and treated remission from alcohol use disorders

Family environment scale manual : Development,Applications,Research

Participation in treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: a 16-year follow-up of initially untreated individuals.

Approach and avoidance coping responses among older problem and nonproblem drinkers.

Classroom Social Climate and Student Absences and Grades.