Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

Childhood and Society.

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Flow The Psychology Of Optimal Experience

UNIT I Introduction to Theory CHAPTER 1 Philosophy, Science, and Nursing CHAPTER 2 Overview of Theory in Nursing CHAPTER 3 Concept Development: Clarifying Meaning of Terms CHAPTER 4 Theory Development: Structuring Conceptual Relationships in Nursing CHAPTER 5 Theory Analysis and Evaluation UNIT II Nursing Theories CHAPTER 6 Overview of Grand Nursing Theories CHAPTER 7 Grand Nursing Theories Based on Human Needs CHAPTER 8 Grand Nursing Theories Based on Interactive Process CHAPTER 9 Grand Nursing Theories Based on Unitary Process CHAPTER 10 Introduction to Middle Range Nursing Theories CHAPTER 11 Overview of Selected Middle Range Nursing Theories UNIT III Borrowed Theories Used by Nurses CHAPTER 12 Theories From the Sociologic Sciences CHAPTER 13 Theories From the Behavioral Sciences CHAPTER 14 Theories From the Biomedical Sciences CHAPTER 15 Theories, Models, and Frameworks From Administration and Management CHAPTER 16 Learning Theories UNIT IV Application of Theory in Nursing CHAPTER 17 Application of Theory in Nursing Practice CHAPTER 18 Application of Theory in Nursing Research CHAPTER 19 Application of Theory in Nursing Administration and Management CHAPTER 20 Application of Theory in Nursing Education CHAPTER 21 Future Issues in Nursing Theory

Theoretical Basis for Nursing

OBJECTIVE: Animal-assisted therapy involves interaction between patients and a trained animal, along with its human owner or handler, with the aim of facilitating patients' progress toward therapeutic goals. This study examined whether a session of animal-assisted therapy reduced the anxiety levels of hospitalized psychiatric patients and whether any differences in reductions in anxiety were associated with patients' diagnoses. METHODS: Study subjects were 230 patients referred for therapeutic recreation sessions. A pre- and posttreatment crossover study design was used to compare the effects of a single animal-assisted therapy session with those of a single regularly scheduled therapeutic recreation session. Before and after participating in the two types of sessions, subjects completed the state scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, a self-report measure of anxiety currently felt. A mixed-models repeated-measures analysis was used to test differences in scores from before and after the two types o...

https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/ps.49.6.797

The Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Anxiety Ratings of Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients

http://www.phoque-paro.fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/2013-Paro-loneliness-RCT.pdf

The psychosocial effects of a companion robot: a randomized controlled trial.

Animal-assisted therapy is a therapeutic nursing intervention that brings animals together with persons with physical and/or emotional needs as a way of meeting those needs. It is based on the growing knowledge of benefits that animals provide to the sick, elderly, and isolated. A model for a responsible and outcome-oriented program in animal-assisted therapy in acute care settings is described in this article. Special areas include: types of therapy, specific treatment goals, patient and animal suitability, environmental considerations, and evaluation methods.

/pdf/the-positive-influence-of-animals-animal-assisted-therapy-in-4tc63kq59y.pdf

The positive influence of animals: animal-assisted therapy in acute care.

The current reality is that frail older adults who live in nursing homes spend a good deal of their time alone, unable to care for themselves or their environments. They enjoy few stimulating activities. Even well cared for nursing home residents may be afflicted by loneliness, helplessness, and boredom. Nursing home residents are viewed by others as having a poor quality of life. They fulfill the stereotype of being depressed, in depressing surroundings. Caregivers in nursing homes are viewed the same way. They are seen as having low status among health care workers, low salaries, and high turnover rates (Cohen-Mansfield, 1997; Kettlitz, Zbib, & Motwani, 1998).
Nursing home residents suffer from loneliness, helplessness, and boredom more than from medical problems (Thomas, 1996). Most nursing homes operate from a medical model, yet most frail older adults do not enter nursing homes for medical care. The medical model focuses on treatment of physiological problems using medical interventions, failing to attend to psychological factors such as loneliness, helplessness, or boredom.
Dr. William Thomas, who proposed the Eden Alternative, believes life can be fulfilling at any age. He says that nursing homes are primarily homes, not hospitals, and suggests nursing homes commit to a human habitat model. In this model, the residents' lives in nursing homes revolve around a decentralized team method of care delivery, resident animals, daily children's activities, and numerous plants.

/pdf/promoting-thriving-in-nursing-homes-the-eden-alternative-37075rv84m.pdf

Promoting thriving in nursing homes: The Eden Alternative

There is a need for aging theories to become holistic and multidisciplinary with a life span focus. A theory is the construction of explicit explanations in accounting for empirical findings. A good gerontological theory integrates knowledge, tells how and why phenomena are related, leads to prediction, and provides process and understanding. In addition, a good theory must be holistic and take into account all that impacts on a person throughout a lifetime of aging. Based on these criteria, the authors created the Theory of Thriving, with a holistic life span perspective for studying people in their environments as they age. This article proposes a theory for studying people over time in a holistic, encompassing manner.

/pdf/thriving-a-life-span-theory-1vyx5noxzu.pdf

Thriving: a life span theory.

Fifty-two research reports from the human/companion animal relationship literature published from 1988 to 1993 were reviewed using a shortened farm of the Selby Research, Assessment Form II (RAF) Descriptive data were analyzed for characteristics such as attributes of authors, grant funding, purposes, quality of literature reviews and conceptual frameworks, settings and sampling, research designs, and implications for future research. Qualitative data describing results of studies were summarized. Over half of the studies were published in Anthrozoos and were not grant funded. These were primarily nonexperimental studies using nonprobability, nongeneralizable samples. Social support was the most frequently cited framework. Understudied populations were rural groups, the middle aged, adolescents, and institutionalized elders. Few errors were committed in describing instruments or reporting analyses of data.

/pdf/a-critical-review-of-research-on-the-human-companion-animal-12tv03cfpm.pdf

A Critical Review of Research on the Human/Companion Animal Relationship: 1988 to 1993

Aims and objectives. This study focused on differences in nurses’ satisfaction with the quality of care of older people and with organisational characteristics and work environment in acute care and long-term care settings.
Background. Numerous studies have explored links between nurses’ satisfaction with care and work environments on the one hand and a variety of physical, behavioural and psychological reactions of nurses on the other. One key to keeping nurses in the workplace is a better understanding of nurses’ satisfaction with the quality of care they provide.
Design. Descriptive design.
Method. The self-selected sample included 298 registered nurses and licensed practical nurses who provide care to minority, underserved and disadvantaged older populations in 89 long-term care and <100 bed hospitals in 38 rural counties and eight metropolitan areas in a Southern state. All completed the Agency Geriatric Nursing Care survey, which consisted of a 13-item scale measuring nurses’ satisfaction with the quality of geriatric care in their practice settings and an 11-item scale examining obstacles to providing quality geriatric care. Demographic variables were compared with chi-square. Independent t-tests were used to examine differences between nurses in long-term care and acute care settings.
Results. Significant differences were found in level of satisfaction and perceived obstacles to providing quality care to older adults between participants from acute and long-term care. Participants in long-term care had greater satisfaction with the quality of geriatric care than those in acute facilities.
Conclusions. Nurses in long-term care were more satisfied that care was evidence-based; specialised to individual needs of older adults; promoted autonomy and independence of elders; and was continuous across settings. Participants in acute facilities perceived more obstacles to providing quality geriatric care than nurses in long-term care facilities.
Relevance to clinical practice. Modification of hospital geriatric practice environments and leadership commitment to evidence-based practice guidelines that promote autonomy and independence of patients and staff could improve acute care nurses’ perceptions of quality of geriatric care.

/pdf/quality-geriatric-care-as-perceived-by-nurses-in-long-term-17v9rj3mix.pdf

Beth E. Barba

Papers

The positive influence of animals: animal-assisted therapy in acute care.

Promoting thriving in nursing homes: The Eden Alternative

Thriving: a life span theory.

A Critical Review of Research on the Human/Companion Animal Relationship: 1988 to 1993

Quality geriatric care as perceived by nurses in long-term and acute care settings.