자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/downloads/Isolation2007.pdf

2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings.

Riedel DJ, Gonzalez-Cuyar LF, Zhao XF, Redfi eld RR, Gilliam BL. Plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral cavity: a rapidly progressive lymphoma associated with HIV infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8: 261–67. In this Grand Round, the references for the sentence “Occasionally, CD138-negative plasmablastic lymphoma cases (such as this case) have been reported” (page 265) should be 32, 34, and 38. Book Systematic reviews: CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care

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Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care

146. In: 16th Annual Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Chicago, Ill; 2006. 950. Harvey MA. Critical-care-unit bedside design and furnishing: impact on nosocomial infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19(8):597­ 601. 951. Srinivasan A, Beck C, Buckley T, et al. The ability of hospital ventilation systems to filter Aspergillus and other fungi following a building implosion. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23(9):520-4. 952. Maragakis LL, Bradley KL, Song X, et al. Increased catheter-related bloodstream infection rates after the introduction of a new mechanical valve intravenous access port. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27(1):67-70. 953. Organizations JCoAoH. Comprehensive Accredication Manual for Hospitals: The Official Handbook. Oakbrook Terrace: JCAHO; 2007. 954. Peterson LR, Noskin GA. New technology for detecting multidrug­ resistant pathogens in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(2):306-11. 955. Diekema DJ, Doebbeling BN. Employee health and infection control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16(5):292-301. 956. Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Health-Care Facilities. In preparation. 957. Weems JJ, Jr. Nosocomial outbreak of Pseudomonas cepacia associated with contamination of reusable electronic ventilator temperature probes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993;14(10):583-6. 958. Berthelot P, Grattard F, Mahul P, et al. Ventilator temperature sensors: an unusual source of Pseudomonas cepacia in nosocomial infection. J Hosp Infect 1993;25(1):33-43. 959. 959. CDC. Bronchoscopy-related infections and pseudoinfections--New York, 1996 and 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48(26):557­ 60. 960. Heeg P, Roth K, Reichl R, Cogdill CP, Bond WW. Decontaminated single-use devices: an oxymoron that may be placing patients at risk for cross-contamination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22(9):542-9. 961. www.fda.gov/cdrh/reprocessing/ 962. CDC. Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 2003;52(RR08):1-36.

Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings 2007.

BACKGROUND
Mentorship is perceived to play a significant role in the career development and productivity of academic clinicians, but little is known about the characteristics of mentorship. This knowledge would be useful for those developing mentorship programs.

A systematic review of qualitative research on the meaning and characteristics of mentoring in academic medicine.

The unique ethical issues related to conducting research with children are insufficiently distinguished from issues in working with vulnerable groups, despite a shift to recognizing children as act...

Tapping the Perspectives of Children Emerging Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research

Given the continual rise of HIV infection in our communities and the improved life span for many who are HIV-positive, social workers in all fields of practice have clients whose lives have been touched by HIV/AIDS. This article reviews relevant literature and reports on the parenting needs that emerged in a Canadian study that examined the experiences of 105 mothers and fathers living with HIV/AIDS. The majority of the children in the study were not HIV-positive. Some themes related to parenting in the literature, and evident in this study, were chronic sorrow, stress and burden, normalization, stigma, secrecy, and disclosure. In the study parenting was found to be a source of joy and an additional challenge in an already complicated life. Important new themes were family life as precious time, focused parenting, the different effects of HIV/AIDS, the parenting preparation needs of fathers, and the efforts to parent affected and infected children differently. Parenting when living with HIV/AIDS requires atte ntion from clinicians and researchers in a range of settings. Key words: children; families; health; HIV/AIDS; parenting As HIV infection continues to increase, more and more mothers and children are being infected (Hackl, Somlai, Kelly, & Kalichman, 1997; Kaplan, Marks, & Mertens, 1997; Katz, 1997). For HIV-positive mothers and fathers, coping with a lifelong and life-threatening condition is complicated by the responsibilities of parenting. With early diagnosis and access to improved treatments, parents and infected children are living longer, and fewer children born to HIV-positive mothers are becoming HIV-positive themselves. Despite these advancements there continue to be complex dynamics and needs related to the different patterns of infection within families, the uncertainty of their health and future, and the stresses of living with a highly stigmatized condition. This article reports some findings from a national study by a team of Canadian researchers to document concerns and subjective experiences of HIV-positive biological mothers and their spouses or partners. This research has been described elsewhere (Salter Goldie et al., 1997a). A purposive sample of mothers and fathers was drawn from multidisciplinary health care programs providing services to children born to HIV-positive mothers. Families in which caregivers were foster parents, adoptive parents, or grandparents were excluded. A qualitative approach was used to illuminate how these parents saw the effect of HIV within the family. Parents participated in an intensive one-to-one qualitative interview. A team of three researchers analyzed the data to identify categories and themes (Lincoln & Guba, 1985; McCracken, 1988). The sample comprised 105 parents--77 biological mothers and 28 fathers--composing 86 families. The families collectively cared for 157 children ranging in age from three months to 15 years. All 77 mothers, 22 fathers, and 17 of the children were HIV-positive. Eight additional children had died of AIDS. The majority (85.4 percent) of the children were not infected, but were affected by the presence of HIV/AIDS in their lives. Families included a cross-section of ethnic backgrounds, with nearly one-third of the parents having immigrated to Canada. Although educational levels of parents in this study were comparable to the national average (61 percent had attained grade 12), their income levels were considerably lower, highlighting the linkages between HIV/AIDS and poverty. This research is one of the largest studies of families living with HIV/ AIDS and offers an important contribution to our understanding of the experiences of mothers and fathers living with and affected by HIV/AIDS. Parenting was chosen as a focus for this article because a consistent theme expressed by the families interviewed was concern for their children's future. The demands of parenting when considered in relation to the many stories these families shared about stigmatization and injustices, combined with the uncertainty of their own health and future, highlight the need for professionals to better understand how to support mothers and fathers living with HIV/AIDS. …

Challenges of Parenting for Families Living with HIV/AIDS

Introduction Long-term adherence to stimulant treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is frequently poor. Since parents are the key decision makers regarding their child's health care, their thoughts regarding medication use are crucial to whether children take prescribed stimulants. To develop an understanding of what parents think about using stimulants to treat their children's ADHD symptoms we consulted groups of parents about their experiences. Methods Using qualitative methods informed by phenomenology, three focus groups of parents were asked to describe their experiences parenting a child with ADHD and using stimulant medications for treatment. Participants were 17 mothers and fathers of 14 children with ADHD, ages 7-14 years, who had received detailed diagnostic assessments and had used stimulants. Focus group dialogue was recorded and transcribed. Using established methods of data analysis, themes were identified and explored. Results Accepting that one's child has ADHD and needs treatment is a difficult and lengthy process, often accompanied by confusion and self-doubt. Parents find the choice to use stimulant treatment particularly challenging given the conflicting opinions they hear from family, friends and professionals. Conclusions Universally, parents want to do what is best for their child. Adverse effects, concerns about stigmatization, and the child's dislike of taking pills, all contribute to parents' decisions to discontinue medication even when the child shows symptomatic benefit.

Using stimulant medication for children with ADHD: what do parents say? A brief report.

Having a positive sense of self is associated with success for children and adults, with and without disabilities. This article reports on a cross-sectional study examining the correlates of global self-worth for 85 young people (ages eight to 23) with spina bifida (a condition present at birth) or spinal cord injury (an acquired condition). Significant correlations were found between perceptions of self-worth and age, perceived social support of close friends, and perceived social support from parents. Regression analysis revealed that perceived social support from parents was a stronger predictor of self-worth than gender, age, or diagnosis (onset of disability). Implications of this study for social work practice are discussed.

Factors Associated with Self-Worth in Young People with Physical Disabilities

This qualitative study used the long interview method with Canadian mothers of African and Caribbean descent to understand the underresearched experience of raising a child with sickle cell disease (SCD). Mothers' realities were explored through three levels of social organization: daily caregiver coping (micro level); community views of SCD, such as stigma (meso level); and systemic SCD health care provision (macro level). Through the use of population health and structural social work perspectives, mothers' experiences were examined in the context of perceived gender and racial oppression. Saturation was achieved after initial interviews with 10 participants and a four-month postinterview with half of the participants. Mothers commonly reported several daily coping challenges: fear of their children's death, separation anxiety, loss of control over life, helplessness, and loneliness/isolation. SCD stigma interacted with racism, contributed to social isolation, and prevented families from organizing as a group. All mothers perceived racism as a salient factor behind inadequate mainstream SCD health care. Recommendations to improve SCD health care and implications for social work practice and research are discussed. This is the first known Canadian psychosocial study of SCD and investigation into SCD stigma outside of rural Nigeria.

Beverley J. Antle

Papers

Tapping the Perspectives of Children Emerging Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research

Challenges of Parenting for Families Living with HIV/AIDS

Using stimulant medication for children with ADHD: what do parents say? A brief report.

Factors Associated with Self-Worth in Young People with Physical Disabilities

Mothers Raising Children with Sickle Cell Disease at the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Illness Stigma