The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence.

Many people are exposed to loss or potentially traumatic events at some point in their lives, and yet they continue to have positive emotional experiences and show only minor and transient disruptions in their ability to function. Unfortunately, because much of psychology’s knowledge about how adults cope with loss or trauma has come from individuals who sought treatment or exhibited great distress, loss and trauma theorists have often viewed this type of resilience as either rare or pathological. The author challenges these assumptions by reviewing evidence that resilience represents a distinct trajectory from the process of recovery, that resilience in the face of loss or potential trauma is more common than is often believed, and that there are multiple and sometimes unexpected pathways to resilience. M ost people are exposed to at least one violent or life-threatening situation during the course of their lives (Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003). As people progress through the life cycle, they are also increasingly confronted with the deaths of close friends and relatives. Not everyone copes with these potentially disturbing events in the same way. Some people experience acute distress from which they are unable to recover. Others suffer less intensely and for a much shorter period of time. Some people seem to recover quickly but then begin to experience unexpected health problems or difficulties concentrating or enjoying life the way they used to. However, large numbers of people manage to endure the temporary upheaval of loss or potentially traumatic events remarkably well, with no apparent disruption in their ability to function at work or in close relationships, and seem to move on to new challenges with apparent ease. This article is devoted to the latter group and to the question of resilience in the face of loss or potentially traumatic events. The importance of protective psychological factors in the prevention of illness is now well established (Taylor, Kemeny, Reed, Bower, & Gruenewald, 2000). Moreover, developmental psychologists have shown that resilience is common among children growing up in disadvantaged conditions (e.g., Masten, 2001). Unfortunately, because most of the psychological knowledge base regarding the ways adults cope with loss or potential trauma has been derived from individuals who have experienced significant psychological problems or sought treatment, theorists working in this area have often underestimated and misunderstood resilience, viewing it either as a pathological state or as something seen only in rare and exceptionally healthy individuals. In this article, I challenge this view by reviewing evidence that resilience in the face of loss or potential trauma represents a distinct trajectory from that of recovery, that resilience is more common than often believed, and that there are multiple and sometimes unexpected pathways to resilience.

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Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events?

Meta-analyses were conducted on 14 separate risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the moderating effects of various sample and study characteristics, including civilian/military status, were examined. Three categories of risk factor emerged: Factors such as gender, age at trauma, and race that predicted PTSD in some populations but not in others; factors such as education, previous trauma, and general childhood adversity that predicted PTSD more consistently but to a varying extent according to the populations studied and the methods used; and factors such as psychiatric history, reported childhood abuse, and family psychiatric history that had more uniform predictive effects. Individually, the effect size of all the risk factors was modest, but factors operating during or after the trauma, such as trauma severity, lack of social support, and additional life stress, had somewhat stronger effects than pretrauma factors.

Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults.

* Caring for children * The origins of attachment theory * Psychoanalysis as art and science * Psychoanalysis as a natural science * Violence in the family * On knowing what you are not supposed to know and feeling what you are not supposed to feel * The role of attachment in personality development * Attachment, communication, and the therapeutic process * Developmental psychiatry comes of age

A Secure Base. Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. New York (Basic Books) 1988.

From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium.

METHOD: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted with a purposive sample of GPs who had experienced disasters in Australia or New Zealand (NZ) between 2009 and 2016. Transcripts underwent thematic analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-eight GPs reported diverse and effective contributions to disaster-response efforts. Four main themes emerged: GPs responded spontaneously to contribute; GPs adapted their usual expertise to provide disaster healthcare; personal and professional challenges experienced were consistent across different types of disaster; and unlike Australian GPs, NZ GPs felt better integrated and valued in the broader disaster-response system. DISCUSSION: The results document GPs' roles and experiences in disaster healthcare and highlight how GPs contribute to meeting crucial healthcare needs in communities during and following disasters. Better defining, integrating and supporting GP roles in disaster systems is likely to improve disaster healthcare.

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General practitioners in the field: A qualitative study of general practitioners' experiences in disaster healthcare.

The NSW Mental Health Outcomes and Assessment Tools Training Project (MH-OAT) is a collaborative and consumer-centred project that aims to strengthen the assessment skills of the mental health care workforce. MH-OAT does this through training that supports the introduction of a process of standard documentation of clinical practice along with measures of outcomes and potential ‘case mix’ (a method of describing the different types of patients treated by the health system, which recognises that different patients require different levels of resources).

https://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10566/1326/ChippsMentalHealthOutcomes2002?sequence=1

The mental health outcomes and assessment tools training project: creating the foundation for improved quality of care.

Hysterectomy, its indications and its consequences for later health, have been prominent topics in recent psychiatric, gynaecological and lay literature. This study describes the results of two recent surveys, one of 216 women less than 45 years old who had a hysterectomy for non-malignant conditions at a major Sydney hospital. These women were interviewed on the seventh to tenth postoperative day. One hundred and ninety-four were then followed up by questionnaire 13 months later. In a later study carried out at a hospital on the outskirts of Sydney, 100 out of 146 women responded to a follow-up questionnaire approximately one year after their operations. These studies and their relevance to recent similar studies are discussed in terms of post-hysterectomy adaptation and prognostic factors associated with poor psychiatric outcome.

Post-Hysterectomy Adaptation: A Review and Report of two Follow-Up Studies

Science and psychiatry

Too often, social disadvantage works against women and their children right from the start

Beverley Raphael

Papers

General practitioners in the field: A qualitative study of general practitioners' experiences in disaster healthcare.

The mental health outcomes and assessment tools training project: creating the foundation for improved quality of care.

Post-Hysterectomy Adaptation: A Review and Report of two Follow-Up Studies

Science and psychiatry

Social contexts affecting women's well-being in pregnancy and postpartum.