An attempt has been made to review and analyze the developments made during last few decades in the field of high performance carbon fibers The focus is primarily on high technology sector, which includes aerospace and nuclear engineering or other areas, where the large scale use of carbon fibers is driven by maximum performance and not by cost factors We have identified and suggested some specific areas for future research in order to minimize the gap between theoretical and practically realized tensile strengths and other mechanical properties of carbon fibers

Review Carbon fibers for composites

This updated version of the popular handbook further explains all aspects of physical vapor deposition (PVD) process technology from the characterizing and preparing the substrate material, through deposition processing and film characterization, to post-deposition processing. The emphasis of the new edition remains on the aspects of the process flow that are critical to economical deposition of films that can meet the required performance specifications, with additional information to support the original material. The book covers subjects seldom treated in the literature: substrate characterization, adhesion, cleaning and the processing. The book also covers the widely discussed subjects of vacuum technology and the fundamentals of individual deposition processes. However, the author uniquely relates these topics to the practical issues that arise in PVD processing, such as contamination control and film growth effects, which are also rarely discussed in the literature. In bringing these subjects together in one book, the reader can understand the interrelationship between various aspects of the film deposition processing and the resulting film properties. The author draws upon his long experience with developing PVD processes and troubleshooting the processes in the manufacturing environment, to provide useful hints for not only avoiding problems, but also for solving problems when they arise. He uses actual experiences, called 'war stories', to emphasize certain points. Special formatting of the text allows a reader who is already knowledgeable in the subject to scan through a section and find discussions that are of particular interest. The author has tried to make the subject index as useful as possible so that the reader can rapidly go to sections of particular interest. Extensive references allow the reader to pursue subjects in greater detail if desired. The book is intended to be both an introduction for those who are new to the field and a valuable resource to those already in the field. The discussion of transferring technology between R&D and manufacturing provided in Appendix 1, will be of special interest to the manager or engineer responsible for moving a PVD product and process from R&D into production. Appendix 2 has an extensive listing of periodical publications and professional societies that relate to PVD processing. The extensive Glossary of Terms and Acronyms provided in Appendix 3 will be of particular use to students and to those not fully conversant with the terminology of PVD processing or with the English language. This title is fully revised and updated to include the latest developments in PVD process technology. It includes 'War stories' drawn from the author's extensive experience emphasize important points in development and manufacturing. Appendices include listings of periodicals and professional societies, terms and acronyms, and material on transferring technology between R&D and manufacturing.

Handbook of physical vapor deposition (PVD) processing

Basic tools of analytical chemistry the language of analytical chemistry evaluating analytical data calibrations, standardizations, and blank corrections equilibrium chemistry obtaining and preparing samples for analysis gravimetric methods of analysis titrimetric methods of analysis spectroscopic methods of analysis electrochemical methods of analysis chromatographic and electrophoretic methods kinetic methods of analysis developing a standard method quality assurance.

Modern Analytical Chemistry

The trace element geochemistry of marine biogenic particulate matter

We report what is believed to be the first experimental demonstration of two-photon correlated imaging with true thermal light from a hollow cathode lamp. The coherence time of the source is much shorter than that of previous experiments using random scattered light from a laser. A two-pinhole mask was used as object, and the corresponding thin lens equation was well satisfied. Since thermal light sources are easier to obtain and measure than entangled light, it is conceivable that they may be used in special imaging applications.

Correlated two-photon imaging with true thermal light

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry has been used for the rapid determination of various metallic and nonmetallic elements in crude and refined vegetable oils and in animal fats, many present in levels of parts per million. Various types of crude and refined vegetable oils were analyzed for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P and Zn. This method of analysis has proven to be less time consuming, as accurate and more convenient than other spectroscopic techniques for elemental analyses.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

Information is given to explain why or how bromine or nitrogen contributes to phosphorus-containing flame retardants. Amide and amine nitrogen generally increase flame resitance, whereas, nitrile nitrogen can detract. Essentially, all of the phosphorus in a flame retardant is accounted for in the char or solid phase and this is also true when amide or amine nitrogen is present. Nitrile nitrogen can cause a significant reduction in percent phosphorus accounted for in the char. The amount of nitrogen accounted for in the char is dependent upon the type of nitrogen and the atomic ratio of N to P in the flame retardant. When large proportions of amide or amine nitrogen are present they also contribute to flame resistance in the gas or vapor phase. Bromine makes its contribution to flame retardants by acting mainly in the vapor phase, and its action appears independent of phosphorus.

Some Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Flame Retardancy

The application of x-ray emission techniques to the qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of chemically and additively modified cotton textiles has been investi gated. Sample preparation and calibration techniques which appear to be suitable for the analysis of textile materials have been devised. The method has been applied to a variety of samples containing some 20 individual elements. The technique is useful for identifying the elements present in fabrics finished with poorly defined agents. It has been applicable to problems involving the add-on and subsequent loss of fungicidal agents containing such elements as Cd, Zn, Se, Cl, S, and P. Typical results obtained with a number of modified cottons are given.

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Modified Cottons

Electrostatically precipitated respirable dusts from six major US varieties and growing areas were analyzed From 81-95%, by weight, was under 15 μm diameter Composition was affected more by growing location than by variety Dusts contained 16-28% ash, 8-9% moisture, and 62-76% organic matter, including 16-31% protein and 2-12% cellulose Inorganic composition reflected soil type and minerals Major elements were silicon, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and aluminum Infrared spectra of dusts resembled proteins, but water extract spectra did not Possible implications concerning byssinosis are discussed

Survey of effects of variety and growing location of cotton on card room dust composition

The proximate chemical composition of total dust samples from five Texas cottonseed oil mills was determined. Dust compositions were highly variable and were affected more by the processing step than by differences among mills. Composition of cleaning room dusts reflected differences in soil minerals. Typical inorganic values were: silicon (12%), aluminum (0.5%), and iron (0.7%). Delintering dust was highest in cellulosic materials (40%), whereas the 23% protein composition of the hulling dust showed the influence of kernel fragments. Baling, dust contained large amounts of cellulose (38%) and noncellulosic organic constituents (36%).

Biagio Piccolo

Papers

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

Some Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Flame Retardancy

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Modified Cottons

Survey of effects of variety and growing location of cotton on card room dust composition

Chemical composition of dusts from cottonseed oil mills.