Reactive oxygen species (ROS, partial reduction or derivatives of free radicals) are highly reactive, dangerous and can cause oxidative cell death. In addition to their role as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, ROS play a role in the control and regulation of biological processes such as growth, the cell cycle, programmed cell death, hormone signaling, biotic and abiotic stress reactions and development. ROS always arise in plants as a by-product of several metabolic processes that are located in different cell compartments, or as a result of the inevitable escape of electrons to oxygen from the electron transport activities of chloroplasts, mitochondria and plasma membranes. These reactive species are formed in chloroplasts, mitochondria, plasma membranes, peroxisomes, apoplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum and cell walls. The action of many non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants present in tissues is required for efficient scavenging of ROS generated during various environmental stressors. The current review provides an in-depth look at the fate of ROS in plants, a beneficial role in managing stress and other irregularities. The production sites are also explained with their negative effects. In addition, the biochemical properties and sources of ROS generation, capture systems, the influence of ROS on cell biochemistry and the crosstalk of ROS with other signaling molecules/pathways are discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/225/pdf?version=1644384217

Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants: From Source to Sink

Maize is one of the most widely used plants in the agricultural industry, and the fields of application of this plant are broad. The experiment was conducted at the Látókép Crop Production Experimental Station of the University of Debrecen, Hungary. Three mid-ripening maize hybrids with different FAO numbers were used in the present study. The effects of different nitrogen supplies were examined as a variable rate of abiotic stress and the interrelationship among the essential nutrients through the nutrient acquisition and partitioning of the different vegetative and generative plant parts. The results showed that NPK application compared to the control treatment (no fertilizer application) increased DM in all tissues of maize, while increasing nitrogen application from 120 to 300 kg ha−1 had no significant effect on this trait. The highest protein content was obtained with the nitrogen application of 120 kg ha−1, and the higher nitrogen fertilizer application had no significant effect on this trait. Seeds and leaves had a maximum zinc and manganese value in terms of nitrogen content (protein). Dry matter was positively correlated with nitrogen, potassium, and manganese content, while the dry matter had a negative correlation with nickel content. In general, to achieve a maximum quantitative and qualitative yield, it is recommended to use NPK fertilizer with a rate of 120 kg ha−1 N for maize cultivation.

/pdf/nutrient-composition-analysis-of-maize-hybrids-affected-by-10pfks78.pdf

Nutrient Composition Analysis of Maize Hybrids Affected by Different Nitrogen Fertilisation Systems

Inadequate nutrient management is one of the major challenges for sustainable soybean production in semi-arid climatic conditions. Hence, a 3-year (2015–2017) field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of foliar application of macro- and micronutrients on the growth, productivity, and profitability of soybean. Eight foliar nutrient sprays at the pod initiation stage—water spray (WS), 2% urea solution, 2% di-ammonium phosphate solution (DAP2%), 0.5% muriate of potash solution (MOP0.5%), 2% solution of 19:19:19 nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (NPK2%), and a 0.5% solution each of molybdenum (Mo0.5%), boron (B0.5%), chelated-zinc (Zn 0.5%) and no-foliar nutrition (NFN)—were compared with a basal-applied recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF: 30 kg N, 75 kg P, and 40 kg K ha−1) in a randomized block design (RBD), replicated three times. Foliar-applied chelated Zn@0.5% (Zn0.5%) at the pod initiation stage resulted in more pods per plants. In addition to Zn0.5%, urea2%, NPK2%, and B0.5% significantly improved the pods per plant over treatment by no-foliar nutrition (NFN). The RDF-supplied soybean subsequently sprayed with Zn0.5% produced the highest seed yield, which was 18.5–37.8% higher than that of NFN treatment Yield improvement due to the application of B0.5%, DAP2%, and urea2% varied between 19.2–23.7, 16.6–20.4 and 18.6–20%, respectively. Foliar nutrition showed the largest net returns from Zn0.5%. The water-use efficiency (WUE) and production efficiency increased by 18.4–37.6 and 34.9–37.5%, respectively, due to Zn0.5% over the efficiencies from NFN treatment. Monetary efficiency (ME) gains due to Zn0.5% were 24% higher, while ME efficiency gains due to urea2%, NPK2%, and B0.5% varied between 15–16%. Thus, this study suggested that the foliar application of 0.5% Zn and B, urea, NPK fertilizer, and DAP at 2%, along with RDF. is a profitable nutrient management option for quality soybean production in a semiarid region. However, nutrient partitioning, changes in soil chemical and biological indicators, and environmental aspects need critical examination in future studies.

/pdf/foliar-application-of-macro-and-micronutrients-improves-the-35lre202.pdf

Foliar Application of Macro- and Micronutrients Improves the Productivity, Economic Returns, and Resource-Use Efficiency of Soybean in a Semiarid Climate

Multi-scale processes influencing global carbon storage and land-carbon-climate nexus: A critical review

Zinc (Zn) is a fundamental micronutrient required by all living organisms. Zn deficiency among children under 5 years, pregnant, and child-bearing women has been identified in developing countries such as Pakistan. Biofortified crops can increase micronutrient levels and decrease deficiencies. Meanwhile, consumer acceptance is essential, given that genetic alterations can occur during biofortification, resulting in changes in sensory traits and the quality of grains. Therefore, the present study focuses on the determining factors for consumer acceptance of Zn-biofortified wheat., an experimental survey was conducted to achieve the study's objectives. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed from 203 respondents in the Punjab province. The results regarding sensory perceptions revealed that people attached great importance to the appearance of the chapati prepared with Zn-biofortified wheat. Therefore, they were willing to purchase Zn-biofortified wheat when asked to choose between the conventional wheat and the Zn-biofortified wheat. Moreover, the probit model illustrates that the level of education in the family and having young children aged under 5 years in the household positively impacted the acceptance of Zn-biofortified wheat among the participants. The findings suggest that there is significant scope for promoting Zn-biofortified wheat in the country. It is also imperative to ensure its availability across various regions so that households with weak purchasing power can buy and address their Zn deficiency. Furthermore, policymakers could introduce reforms targeting business communities for food management, keeping Zn-biofortified wheat in the priority stream.

/pdf/factors-determining-consumer-acceptance-of-biofortified-food-3va9eho74g.pdf

Factors Determining Consumer Acceptance of Biofortified Food: Case of Zinc-Fortified Wheat in Pakistan's Punjab Province.

Earlier, the agriculture system was oriented more towards achieving higher agronomic yields than the nutritional quality of food. Green revolution significantly enhanced the crop production primarily rice, wheat and maize production was boosted to meet the energy needs of growing population. As a consequence of the predominance of cereal-based staples that are fundamentally low in micronutrients, specifically Zn and Fe, more than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from an insidious type of deficiency known as micronutrient malnutrition. Just moderate amounts of micronutrient malnutrition can affect cognitive development, reduce disease resistance and increase the risk of women dying during childbirth. The approach to micronutrient fertilization has been shown to improve the yield and nutritional content of the staples. Agronomic biofortification provides an immediate and effective method to enhance accumulation of micronutrients especially Zn and Fe in cereals. An adequate amount of plant available micronutrients is a prime requisite to ensure adequate nutrient uptake. Most of the cereals are grown in soils deficit in Zn and under reduced conditions of rice ecosystem, its availability is decreased due to formation of less soluble Zn complexes with sulphate and carbonate. The form of fertilizer used, timing and method of Review Article Jan et al.; IRJPAC, 21(16): 28-37, 2020; Article no.IRJPAC.61049 29 application is critical for the enhancement of the grain quality of Zn and Fe. The effectiveness of agronomic biofortification can be enhanced by application of synthetic chelated micronutrient fertilizers and/or organic fertilizers fortified with micronutrients in combination with NPK ensuring proper nourishment of crops with adequate nutrient supply by slow release of nutrients in soil solution. Further, the response of foliar application has shown better results than soil application. Previous studies suggest that Zn fertilization not only enhances Zn concentration in grain but also improves the overall performance of maize crop. Agronomic biofortification of crops is advantageous in terms of accessibility, rapid result, ease in application and high sustainability.

/pdf/agronomic-bio-fortification-of-rice-and-maize-with-iron-and-2jv733kckj.pdf

Agronomic Bio-fortification of Rice and Maize with Iron and Zinc: A Review

Evaluation of seedling age and nutrient sources on phenology, yield and agrometeorological indices for sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata L.)

Background: Children with a low socioeconomic factor are more affected by mental problems as compared to children with a higher socioeconomic factor. This paper explores whether this socioeconomic pattern persists in the Urban city of Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir which features high quality of life and better access to the psychiatrists and clinical psychologists

http://www.ijirt.org/master/publishedpaper/IJIRT148979_PAPER.pdf

Bisma Jan

Papers

Agronomic Bio-fortification of Rice and Maize with Iron and Zinc: A Review

Evaluation of seedling age and nutrient sources on phenology, yield and agrometeorological indices for sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata L.)

The impact of the social environment on the children mental health: a cross sectional study of urban district of srinagar