THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

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Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation

応用水文 = Applied hydrology

C-S bond activation, cleavage and transformations by means of transition metal compounds have recently become more and more important in the petroleum industry and synthetic chemistry. Homogeneous transition metal compounds have been investigated in order to provide the fundamental insight into the C-S bond cleavage in problematic organosulfur compounds such as thiophene, benzo- and dibenzothiophene derivatives. Rendering transition-metal mediated reactions with organosulfur compounds catalytic may provide promising routes to deep hydrodesulfurization of petroleum feedstocks, and offer potentially useful synthetic protocols for cross-couplings and biomimetic organic synthesis. During the last few decades increasing work was documented on C-S bond activation and transformations by means of transition metal compounds. This review summarizes the recent advances in C-S bond cleavage via the insertion of transition metals into the inert C-S bonds of these problematic organosulfur compounds, and transition-metal mediated C-S bond transformations via C-S activation through cross-couplings of thioesters, ketene dithioacetals, sulfonyl chlorides, and other diverse organosulfur compounds.

Transition-metal mediated carbon–sulfur bond activation and transformations

Fluoride is one of the anionic contaminants which is found in excess in surface or groundwater because of geochemical reactions or anthropogenic activities such as the disposal of industrial wastewaters. Among various methods used for defluoridation of water such as coagulation, precipitation, membrane processes, electrolytic treatment, ion-exchange, the adsorption process is widely used. It offers satisfactory results and seems to be a more attractive method for the removal of fluoride in terms of cost, simplicity of design and operation. Various conventional and non-conventional adsorbents have been assessed for the removal of fluoride from water. In this review, a list of various adsorbents (oxides and hydroxides, biosorbents, geomaterials, carbonaceous materials and industrial products and by-products) and its modifications from literature are surveyed and their adsorption capacities under various conditions are compared. The effect of other impurities on fluoride removal has also been discussed. This survey showed that various adsorbents, especially binary and trimetal oxides and hydroxides, have good potential for the fluoride removal from aquatic environments.

/pdf/a-review-on-adsorption-of-fluoride-from-aqueous-solution-3ntdypa47h.pdf

A Review on Adsorption of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution

A new medium, eggshell powder has been developed for fluoride removal from aqueous solution. Fluoride adsorption was studied in a batch system where adsorption was found to be pH dependent with maximum removal efficiency at 6.0. The experimental data was more satisfactorily fitted with Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetics and the factor controlling adsorption process fully accepted by pseudo-second-order model were also discussed. Ea was found to be 45.98 kJmol-1 by using Arrhenius equation, indicating chemisorption nature of fluoride onto eggshell powder. Thermodynamic study showed spontaneous nature and feasibility of the adsorption process with negative enthalpy (∆H0) value also supported the exothermic nature. Batch experiments were performed to study the applicability of the adsorbent by using fluoride contaminated water collected from affected areas. These results indicate that eggshell powder can be used as an effective, low-cost adsorbent to remove fluoride from aqueous solution as well as groundwater.

/pdf/eggshell-powder-as-an-adsorbent-for-removal-of-fluoride-from-m9auiw388o.pdf

Eggshell Powder as an Adsorbent for Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies

Remote sensing and geographical information system (RS-GIS) have become a leading tool for modeling and mapping of groundwater resources. An attempt has been made to delineate the groundwater poten...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/24749508.2018.1555740

Modeling groundwater potential zones of Puruliya district, West Bengal, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques

Threats of climate and land use change on future flood susceptibility

Batch and column operations were performed utilizing thioglycolated sugarcane carbon (TSCC), a low-cost adsorbent, to remove As(III) and As(V) from aqueous systems. Under optimized batch conditions, the TSCC could remove up to 92.7 and 91.4 % for As(III) and As(V), respectively. An artificial neural network model showed the validity of TSCC as a preferable adsorbent for arsenic [As(III) and As(V)] removal in batch studies. In column operations, removal efficiency increases with increase in influent arsenic concentration and adsorbent dose and decreases with increase in flow rate. At an adsorbent dose of 6.0 g, flow rate 3.0 mL min−1, and initial arsenic concentration 1,500 μg L−1, the arsenic uptake capacity of TSCC for As(III) and As(V) was found to be 85.01 and 83.82 μg g−1, respectively. The Thomas model was used to analyze the column experimental data. Results from the column operations indicated that the adsorption behavior of arsenic [As(III) and As(V)] fits exceptionally well with the Thomas model with high correlation coefficient and very low standard error. Examinations of scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy reveal that high arsenic adsorption favors surface complexation on the adsorbent surface.

/pdf/removal-of-arsenic-iii-and-arsenic-v-on-chemically-modified-y0nugqd2gt.pdf

Removal of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) on chemically modified low-cost adsorbent: batch and column operations

In the present study, adsorption of lead (II) ions from aqueous solution by alluvial soil of Bhagirathi River was investigated under batch mode. The influence of solution pH, sorbent dose, initial lead (II) concentration, contact time, stirring rate and temperature on the removal process were investigated. The lead adsorption was favored with maximum adsorption at pH 6.0. Sorption equilibrium time was observed in 60 min. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by the Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models. The kinetics of lead (II) ion was discussed by pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, intra-particle diffusion, and surface mass transfer models. It was shown that the adsorption of lead ions could be described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The activation energy of the adsorption process (E
 a) was found to be −38.33 kJ mol−1 using the Arrhenius equation, indicating exothermic nature of lead adsorption onto alluvial soil. Thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibbs free energy (∆G
 0), the enthalpy (∆H
 0), and the entropy change of sorption (∆S
 0) have also been evaluated and it has been found that the adsorption process was spontaneous, feasible, and exothermic in nature. The results indicated that alluvial soil of Bhagirathi River can be used as an effective and low cost adsorbent to remove lead ions from aqueous solutions.

/pdf/insight-into-adsorption-equilibrium-kinetics-and-3ew25ncnvj.pdf

Biswajit Das

Papers

Eggshell Powder as an Adsorbent for Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies

Modeling groundwater potential zones of Puruliya district, West Bengal, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques

Threats of climate and land use change on future flood susceptibility

Removal of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) on chemically modified low-cost adsorbent: batch and column operations

Insight into adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of lead onto alluvial soil