Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) use small nodes with constrained capabilities to sense, collect, and disseminate information in many types of applications. As sensor networks become wide-spread, security issues become a central concern, especially in mission-critical tasks. In this paper, we identify the threats and vulnerabilities to WSNs and summarize the defense methods based on the networking protocol layer analysis first. Then we give a holistic overview of security issues. These issues are divided into seven categories: cryptography, key management, attack detections and preventions, secure routing, secure location security, secure data fusion, and other security issues. Along the way we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of current secure schemes in each category. In addition, we also summarize the techniques and methods used in these categories, and point out the open research issues and directions in each area.

/pdf/sensor-network-security-a-survey-2ko4ukoih7.pdf

Sensor network security: a survey

http://romisatriawahono.net/lecture/rm/survey/machine%20learning/Afsar%20-%20Clustering%20in%20Sensor%20Networks%20-%202014.pdf

Clustering in sensor networks

The significant advances of hardware manufacturing technology and the development of efficient software algorithms make technically and economically feasible a network composed of numerous, small, low-cost sensors using wireless communications, that is, a wireless sensor network. WSNs have attracted intensive interest from both academia and industry due to their wide application in civil and military scenarios. In hostile scenarios, it is very important to protect WSNs from malicious attacks. Due to various resource limitations and the salient features of a wireless sensor network, the security design for such networks is significantly challenging. In this article, we present a comprehensive survey of WSN security issues that were investigated by researchers in recent years and that shed light on future directions for WSN security.

Securing wireless sensor networks: a survey

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) constitute one of the most promising third-millennium technologies and have wide range of applications in our surrounding environment. The reason behind the vast adoption of WSNs in various applications is that they have tremendously appealing features, e.g., low production cost, low installation cost, unattended network operation, autonomous and longtime operation. WSNs have started to merge with the Internet of Things (IoT) through the introduction of Internet access capability in sensor nodes and sensing ability in Internet-connected devices. Thereby, the IoT is providing access to huge amount of data, collected by the WSNs, over the Internet. Hence, the security of IoT should start with foremost securing WSNs ahead of the other components. However, owing to the absence of a physical line-of-defense, i.e., there is no dedicated infrastructure such as gateways to watch and observe the flowing information in the network, security of WSNs along with IoT is of a big concern to the scientific community. More specifically, for the application areas in which CIA (confidentiality, integrity, availability) has prime importance, WSNs and emerging IoT technology might constitute an open avenue for the attackers. Besides, recent integration and collaboration of WSNs with IoT will open new challenges and problems in terms of security. Hence, this would be a nightmare for the individuals using these systems as well as the security administrators who are managing those networks. Therefore, a detailed review of security attacks towards WSNs and IoT, along with the techniques for prevention, detection, and mitigation of those attacks are provided in this paper. In this text, attacks are categorized and treated into mainly two parts, most or all types of attacks towards WSNs and IoT are investigated under that umbrella: “Passive Attacks” and “Active Attacks”. Understanding these attacks and their associated defense mechanisms will help paving a secure path towards the proliferation and public acceptance of IoT technology.

/pdf/security-of-the-internet-of-things-vulnerabilities-attacks-5f8nyperis.pdf

Security of the Internet of Things: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures

https://www.nics.uma.es/sites/default/files/papers/roman2011.pdf

Key management systems for sensor networks in the context of the Internet of Things

In a distributed sensor network, large number of sensors deployed which communicate among themselves to self-organize a wireless ad hoc network. We propose an energy-efficient level-based hierarchical system. We compromise between the energy consumption and shortest path route by utilizing number of neighbors (NBR) of a sensor and its level in the hierarchical clustering. In addition, we design a Secure Routing Protocol for Sensor Networks (SRPSN) to safeguard the data packet passing on the sensor networks under different types of attacks. We build the secure route from the source node to sink node. The sink node is guaranteed to receive correct information using our SRPSN. We also propose a group key management scheme, which contains group communication policies, group membership requirements and an algorithm for generating a distributed group key for secure communication.

A secure hierarchical model for sensor network

In this paper, we describe group key management protocols for hierarchical sensor networks where instead of using pre-deployed keys, each sensor node generates a partial key dynamically using a function. The function takes partial keys of its children as input. The design of the protocol is motivated by the fact that traditional cryptographic techniques are impractical in sensor networks because of high energy and computational overheads. The group key management protocol supports the establishment of two types of group keys; one for the sensor nodes within a group, and the other in a group of cluster heads. The protocol handles freshness of the group key dynamically, and eliminates the involvement of a trusted third party (TTP). We have experimentally evaluated the time and energy consumption in broadcasting partial keys and group key under two sensor routing protocols (tiny-AODV and tiny-diffusion) by varying the number of nodes and key sizes. The performance study provides the optimum number of partial keys needed for computing the group key to balance the available security and power consumption. The experimental study also concludes that the energy consumption in SPIN increases rapidly as the number of group members increases in comparison to our protocol.

/pdf/energy-and-communication-efficient-group-key-management-3urrj74dj6.pdf

Energy and communication efficient group key management protocol for hierarchical sensor networks

http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/bb/role-based-madria-CC.pdf

A role-based access in a hierarchical sensor network architecture to provide multilevel security

The goal of providing a totally secure mobile based internet banking environment continues to be a moving target exacerbated by the free and readily available flow of information on the Internet at the disposal of would be attackers. As new security measures are devised, new attack vectors are developed to thwart these measures. A trusted device segregated from the Internet and potential malware seems like a simple, straight-forward solution. With the rapid development of smart phones and the plethora of smart phone applications becoming developed, the lines between the cellular network and the internet are being blurred, rendering the phone a not-so-trusted device. In this paper we show how existing smart phone banking applications can be tampered to capture user information and password.

Cybersecurity in banking and financial sector: Security analysis of a mobile banking application

Driving into a parking lot only to find that all of the parking spaces are taken is frustrating. It would be very beneficial to implement a system that tracks the number of spaces left. Wireless sensors are well-fitted to do this task. Existing systems perform this task in various ways, discussed at the beginning of the paper. Taking the shortcomings of these systems into account, a new system based on signal strength is proposed and tested in a virtual environment.

https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1252&context=amcis2011_submissions

Biswajit Panja

Papers

A secure hierarchical model for sensor network

Energy and communication efficient group key management protocol for hierarchical sensor networks

A role-based access in a hierarchical sensor network architecture to provide multilevel security

Cybersecurity in banking and financial sector: Security analysis of a mobile banking application

Wirelessly Sensing Open Parking Spaces : Accounting and Management of Parking Facility