Flavonoids and their glycosides, including anthocyanins

A relatively small subset of exotic plant species competitively exclude their neighbors in invaded “recipient” communities but coexist with neighbors in their native habitat. Allelopathy has been argued as one of the mechanisms by which such exotics may become successful invaders. Three approaches have been used to examine allelopathy as a mechanism for invasion. The traditional approach examines exotic invasives in the same way that other native plants also suspected of allelopathic activities are studied. In this approach dose, fate, and replenishment of chemicals can provide powerful evidence for allelopathic processes. The bio-geographical approach often does not provide as much mechanistic evidence for allelopathy, but comparing the allelopathic effects of exotic invasives on species from their native and invaded communities yields stronger evidence than the traditional approach for whether or not allelopathy actually contributes to invasive success. The congeneric, or phylogenetic, approach involves comparative studies of exotic species with natives in the same genus or that are as closely related as possible. Congeneric approaches are limited in inference and have been used to study the role of natural enemies in exotic invasion, but this approach has not been widely used to study allelopathy and invasion. We discuss these three approaches and present a data set for congeneric Lantana and Prosopis to illustrate how the congeneric approach can be used, and use Centaurea maculosa and (±)-catechin to demonstrate experimentally how traditional and bio-geographic approaches can be integrated to shed light on allelopathy in exotic plant invasions.

Allelopathy and plant invasions: traditional, congeneric, and bio-geographical approaches

This article provides morphological descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the invasive weed, Chromolaena odorata, which were mainly collected in northern Thailand. Seventy-seven taxa distributed in ten orders, 23 families (of which Neomassarinaceae is new), 12 new genera (Chromolaenicola, Chromolaenomyces, Longiappendispora, Pseudocapulatispora, Murichromolaenicola, Neoophiobolus, Paraleptospora, Pseudoroussoella, Pseudostaurosphaeria, Pseudothyridariella, Setoarthopyrenia, Xenoroussoella), 47 new species (Aplosporella chromolaenae, Arthrinium chromolaenae, Chromolaenicola chiangraiensis, C. lampangensis, C. nanensis, C. thailandensis, Chromolaenomyces appendiculatus, Diaporthe chromolaenae, Didymella chromolaenae, Dyfrolomyces chromolaenae, Leptospora chromolaenae, L. phraeana, Longiappendispora chromolaenae, Memnoniella chromolaenae, Montagnula chiangraiensis, M. chromolaenae, M. chromolaenicola, M. thailandica, Murichromolaenicola chiangraiensis, M. chromolaenae, Muyocopron chromolaenae, M. chromolaenicola, Neomassarina chromolaenae, Neoophiobolus chromolaenae, Neopyrenochaeta chiangraiensis, N. chromolaenae, N. thailandica, N. triseptatispora, Nigrograna chromolaenae, Nothophoma chromolaenae, Paraleptospora chromolaenae, P. chromolaenicola, Patellaria chromolaenae, Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata, Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae, Pseudostaurosphaeria chromolaenae, P. chromolaenicola, Pseudothyridariella chromolaenae, Pyrenochaetopsis chromolaenae, Rhytidhysteron chromolaenae, Setoarthopyrenia chromolaenae, Sphaeropsis chromolaenicola, Tremateia chiangraiensis, T. chromolaenae, T. thailandensis, Xenoroussoella triseptata, Yunnanensis chromolaenae), 12 new host records, three new taxonomic combinations (Chromolaenicola siamensis, Pseudoroussoella elaeicola, Pseudothyridariella mahakashae), and two reference specimens (Torula chromolaenae, T. fici) are described and illustrated. Unlike some other hosts, e.g. bamboo (Poaceae) and Pandanaceae, the dominant group of fungi on Siam weed were Dothideomycetes. Only 15 species previously recorded from northern Thailand were found in this study. Most of the taxa are likely to have jumped hosts from surrounding plants and are unlikely to be a specialist to Siam weed. Most fungal families found on Siam weed had divergence estimates with stem ages in the Cretaceous, which coincided with the expected origin of the host family (Asteraceae). This further indicates that the species have jumped hosts, as it is unlikely that the taxa on the alien Siam weed came from the Americas with its host. They may, however, have jumped from other Asteraceae hosts. In a preliminary screening 40 (65%) of the 62 species tested showed antimicrobial activity and thus, the fungi associated with C. odorata may be promising sources of novel bioactive compound discovery. We provide a checklist of fungi associated with C. odorata based on the USDA Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory (SMML) database, relevant literature and our study. In total, 130 taxa (116 identified and 14 unidentified species) are distributed in 20 orders, 48 families, and 85 genera. Pseudocercospora is the most commonly encountered genus on Siam weed.

Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungi associated with the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed)

The health challenges associated with pathogens and ectoparasites highlight the need for effective control approaches. Metal nanoparticles have been proposed as highly effective tools towards combatting different microbial organisms and parasites. The present work reports the antimicrobial and larvicidal potential of biosynthesized Ag/Ag2O nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Eupatorium odoratum (EO). The constituents of the leaf extract act as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The UV-VIS spectra of the nanoparticles showed surface plasmon resonance. The particle size and shape of the nanoparticles was analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The larvicidal study was carried out using third and fourth instar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The mosquito larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of plant extract (EO) and the synthesized nanoparticles, and their percentage of mortality was accounted for at different time intervals of 12 h and 24 h periods of exposure. The nanoparticles were more lethal against third and fourth instars of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae at the 24 h period of exposure with lower lethal concentration values (LC50 = 95.9 ppm; LC90 = 337.5 ppm) and (LC50 = 166.4 ppm; LC90 = 438.7 ppm) compared to the plant extract (LC50 = 396.8 ppm; LC90 = 716.8 ppm and LC50 = 448.3 ppm; LC90 = 803.9 ppm, respectively). The antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticles were established against different clinically-isolated microbial strains and compared to that of the plant extract (EO) and standard antimicrobial drugs. The nanoparticles were generally more active than the plant extract against the selected microbial organisms. The Gram-negative bacterial strains Escheerichua coli and Salmonella typhi were more susceptible towards the nanoparticles compared to the Gram-positive strains and the fungal organism.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/5/674/pdf

Green Synthesis of Ag/Ag₂O Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Eupatorium odoratum and Its Antimicrobial and Mosquito Larvicidal Activities.

The essential oil from the dried leaves of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components were �-pinene (42.2%), �-pinene (10.6%), germacrene D (9.7%), �-copaen-4�-ol (9.4%), ( E)- caryophyllene (5.4%), and geijerene/pregeijerene (7.5%). The oil was screened for antimicrobial activity and showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (MIC = 39 µg/mL) and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (MIC = 78 µg/mL). DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*) and post-HF (MP2/6-311+G**) indicate that pregeijerene is less stable (0.45 and 3.99 kcal/mol, respectively) than its Cope rearrangement product geijerene.

/pdf/chemical-composition-and-bioactivity-of-the-essential-oil-of-59ilm3pr2v.pdf

Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of the Essential Oil of Chromolaena odorata from Nigeria

Constituents of the essential oil from aerial parts of Chromolaena odorata from Thailand

A new flavonoid from Chromolaena odorata.

The biological activities of crude extracts of Chromolaena odorata, collected from Thapho, Muang district, Phitsanulok Province, Thailand were investigated. It is evident that, the DCM/ water extract of the aerial part of the plant (fraction EU9C) showed potent anti-HSV-1 activity (IC 50 = 1.74 ¼g/mL) and also showed moderate activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. The anti malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain with the EC 50 of 9.39 ¼g/mL has been pioneered in the DCM/water extract of the subterranean part of this plant (fraction EU10C). Only fraction EU9B showed anti-inflammatory activity. The essential oil of the aerial parts also showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The chemical constituents of the aerial part extract were also investigated after separation and purification. Six flavonoids were obtained in which three of them were isolated from this plant for the first time including 3,5,4′-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone; 5,7,3′ ′′ ′-trihydroxy-5′methoxyflavanone and 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavanone. Further investigation will be made to find out some new bioactive compounds which may be useful for drug development.

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Chromolaena odorata

A direct polarographic method for the determination of chlorpheniramine maleate in pharmaceutical preparations had been developed. The method was based on the reduction of chlorpheniramine maleate in an acidic medium (pH 1.2-4.0). The effect of pH on the polarographic wave was investigated by recording d.c. polarograms in various supporting electrolytes. The calibration graphs were rectilinear for 5 to 20 g ml -1 of chlorpheniramine maleate in 0.1 mol L -1 hydrochloric acid pH 1.2, chloride buffer pH 2.0 and phthalate buffer pH 4.0 respectively. The method was simple and rapid, results being reproducible within ±2.53% (in 0.1 mol L -1 hydrochloric acid or chloride buffer pH 2.0), and ±1.06% (in phthalate buffer pH 4.0) for 10 determinations respectively. The method was applicable to the analysis of chlorpheniramine maleate in tablets, syrup and injection. There was no interference from acetaminophen, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and ascorbic acid.

A Direct Current Polarographic Method for the Determination of Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Pharmaceutical Preparations

Avocado fermented juice was prepared. The organic acids: malic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid in this juice were determined by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Ten microlitres of sample were taken for analysis of the three organic acids when the samples were stored at room temperature to ferment for 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5 weeks, 2 months and 8 months respectively. The chromatographic conditions for the optimal separation of malic, citric and tartaric acids on a LiChrosorb RP-18 column 5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm at 210 nm were investigated. The optimized RP-HPLC method (mobile phase: MeOH: H2O (5:95 v/v) adjust pH of 2.5 using hydrochloric acid, flow rate 1.0 mL min-1) was validated. Calibration curves were linear for all the three acids over concentration ranges tested with r2 values of better than 0.999. The percentage recovery was found to be in the range of 99.7-106.0 with the % RSD of 1.02 1.13. The proposed method was applied to the determination of three organic acids in fermented juice. The maximum amounts of malic acid and tartaric acid followed by reasonable amount of citric acid were obtained at the first week of fermentation. The results compared flavorably with the published capillary zone electrophoresis method .The finding results suggest that the avocado fermented juice can be used as health supplement and also can be used in cosmetic products.

Boonsom Liawruangrath

Papers

Constituents of the essential oil from aerial parts of Chromolaena odorata from Thailand

A new flavonoid from Chromolaena odorata.

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Chromolaena odorata

A Direct Current Polarographic Method for the Determination of Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Pharmaceutical Preparations

Determination of Organic Acids in Avocado Fermented Juice by High Performance Liquid Chromatography