So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities that are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Importantly, bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set of 'emergent properties' that differ substantially from free-living bacterial cells. In this Review, we consider the fundamental role of the biofilm matrix in establishing the emergent properties of biofilms, describing how the characteristic features of biofilms - such as social cooperation, resource capture and enhanced survival of exposure to antimicrobials - all rely on the structural and functional properties of the matrix. Finally, we highlight the value of an ecological perspective in the study of the emergent properties of biofilms, which enables an appreciation of the ecological success of biofilms as habitat formers and, more generally, as a bacterial lifestyle.

Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life.

Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits

The rhizosphere is the interface between plant roots and soil where interactions among a myriad of microorganisms and invertebrates affect biogeochemical cycling, plant growth and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. The rhizosphere is intriguingly complex and dynamic, and understanding its ecology and evolution is key to enhancing plant productivity and ecosystem functioning. Novel insights into key factors and evolutionary processes shaping the rhizosphere microbiome will greatly benefit from integrating reductionist and systems-based approaches in both agricultural and natural ecosystems. Here, we discuss recent developments in rhizosphere research in relation to assessing the contribution of the micro- and macroflora to sustainable agriculture, nature conservation, the development of bio-energy crops and the mitigation of climate change.

Going back to the roots: the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere.

Fine-scale genetic structure in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus native forest was detected using 69 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The association between genetic similarity and geographic distance was studied among 51 trees from the Tinderbox locality in Tasmania (distance ranging from 2 m to 4 km apart) and compared to 18 trees from localities up to 100 km away. Twenty pedigreed F1s were used as controls to scale the RAPD similarity among individuals to pedigree similarity. The association between genetic similarity and geographic distance was weak, yet at Tinderbox, highly related trees were shown to occur within 25 m of one another. There is an abrupt drop in average similarity after about 25 m, with no significant change with distances up to 14 km. Nevertheless, Tinderbox trees outside the 25 m genetic patches are still more similar to each other than they are to trees from the Mayfield Bay locality 100 km away. These results suggest that E. globulus native forests have a family group structure, superimposed on a noisy, background level of lower relatedness which extends over a wider geographical range. This study is unique in demonstrating the congruence between fine-scale genetic structure as revealed by molecular data and previous quantitative genetic data.

Fine-scale Genetic Structure of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus Forest Revealed by RAPDs

Regeneration of a hybrid zone between E. amygdalina and E. risdonii and pure species stands following wildfire is reported, as well as the reproductive and vegetative fitness of parental and hybrid phenotypes. E. risdonii phenotypes dominated the seed rain and seedling cohort and there was clearly a marked fitness differential between E. amygdalina and E. risdonii at their boundary. When the F1 type hybrid is in competition with both parental types it is generally reproductively the least fit, although frequently vegetatively vigorous. Reduced fitness appears to extend to advanced generations as hybrid phenotypes tending.toward either species are, on average, less fit than the corresponding parental type. The pattern of phenotypic fitness suggests that the species' boundary is in disequilibrium and it is argued that E. risdonii is invading the range of E. amygdalina by both pollen and seed migration. There is an asymmetric distribution of F1 type hybrids across the boundary and the hybrid swarm examined is being invaded by E. risdonii genes. It is suggested that hybridization may be associated with natural disequilibrium and, where seed migration is limited, boundary movements may be preceded by a wave of hybridization due partly to pollen swamping of the least fit species. Hybrid swarms may develop but, at the boundary of large stands, are probably transitory. There is a marked inertia in the population response to the prevailing selective regime due to the extremely slow population turnover and limited dispersal potential. This is discussed in the broader context of non-equilibrium models where it is argued that dispersal may be the factor limiting population response to perturbation of a shallow environmental gradient. This is due to large geographical shifts in the position of the null point and would be accentuated in a patchy environment where migration as a front is prevented.

Population dynamics and regeneration of a hybrid zone between Eucalyptus risdonii Hook. f. and E. amygdalina Labill.

The risk of pollen-mediated gene flow from exotic Corymbia plantations into native Corymbia populations in Australia

Genetic parameters for survival and diameter were estimated from measurements from 4 to 5 year old progeny trials of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus in Australia and Portugal. The trials comprised over 660 open-pollinated families, covering the natural range of species. Individual narrow sense heritabilities for survival were moderate to high (average h(op)(2) = 0.31). Correlations between survival at different sites were also moderate to high ranging from 0.16 to 0.92 (average of 0.48), suggesting that in some instances survival ability can be determined by different genes. Diameter and survival were also positively correlated within sites (average r(g) = 0.54).

Genetic analysis of survival in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus

We examined the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and paclobutrazol on flowering precocity and abundance in Eucalyptus nitens Deane & Maid. Trials to test these effects consisted of a f...

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Brad M. Potts

Papers

Fine-scale Genetic Structure of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus Forest Revealed by RAPDs

Population dynamics and regeneration of a hybrid zone between Eucalyptus risdonii Hook. f. and E. amygdalina Labill.

The risk of pollen-mediated gene flow from exotic Corymbia plantations into native Corymbia populations in Australia

Genetic analysis of survival in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus

Promotion of flowering in Eucalyptus nitens by paclobutrazol was enhanced by nitrogen fertilizer