抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1468-6996/16/2/023501/pdf

Recent progress on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, surface functional strategies and biomedical applications.

High intensity ultrasound can be used for the production of novel materials and provides an unusual route to known materials without bulk high temperatures, high pressures, or long reaction times. Several phenomena are responsible for sonochemistry and specifically the production or modification of nanomaterials during ultrasonic irradiation. The most notable effects are consequences of acoustic cavitation (the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles), and can be categorized as primary sonochemistry (gas-phase chemistry occurring inside collapsing bubbles), secondary sonochemistry (solution-phase chemistry occurring outside the bubbles), and physical modifications (caused by high-speed jets or shock waves derived from bubble collapse). This tutorial review provides examples of how the chemical and physical effects of high intensity ultrasound can be exploited for the preparation or modification of a wide range of nanostructured materials.

Sonochemical synthesis of nanomaterials

A facile fabrication and highly tunable microwave absorption of 3D flower-like Co3O4-rGO hybrid-architectures

Synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with microwave or ultrasound: Rapid reaction, phase-selectivity, and size reduction

Developing processes for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with a specific crystal size or polymorph distribution is critical for improved drug delivery by aerosolization, injection or ingestion, for control of bioavailability, and for economy of preparation. The use of ultrasound for the crystallization of APIs has attracted substantial recent attention due to (1) its influence on particle size and size distribution, (2) reduction of metastable zone-width, induction time, and supersaturation levels required for nucleation, (3) improved reproducibility of crystallization, (4) control of polymorphism, and (5) reduction or elimination of the need for seed crystals or other foreign materials. Possible mechanisms for the breakage of molecular crystals under high-intensity ultrasound were investigated using acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) crystals as a model compound for active pharmaceutical ingredients. Surprisingly, kinetics experiments ruled out particle-particle collisions as a via...

Sonofragmentation and sonocrystallization

High intensity ultrasound can be used for the production of novel materials and provides an unusual route to known materials without bulk high temperatures, high pressures, or long reaction times Several phenomena are responsible for sonochemistry and specifically the production or modification of nanomaterials during ultrasonic irradiation The most notable effects are consequences of acoustic cavitation (the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles), and can be categorized as primary sonochemistry (gas-phase chemistry occurring inside collapsing bubbles), secondary sonochemistry (solution-phase chemistry occurring outside the bubbles), and physical modifications (caused by high-speed jets or shock waves derived from bubble collapse) This tutorial review provides examples of how the chemical and physical effects of high intensity ultrasound can be exploited for the preparation or modification of a wide range of nanostructured materials

Brad W. Zeiger

Papers

Sonofragmentation and sonocrystallization

Sonochemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials