RIPL – Reference Input Parameter Library for Calculation of Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Data Evaluations

Annual Energy Outlook 2008 With Projections to 2030

ライブラリー Annual Energy Outlook 2000

The number and extent of roads will expand dramatically this century. Globally, at least 25 million kilometres of new roads are anticipated by 2050; a 60% increase in the total length of roads over that in 2010. Nine-tenths of all road construction is expected to occur in developing nations, including many regions that sustain exceptional biodiversity and vital ecosystem services. Roads penetrating into wilderness or frontier areas are a major proximate driver of habitat loss and fragmentation, wildfires, overhunting and other environmental degradation, often with irreversible impacts on ecosystems. Unfortunately, much road proliferation is chaotic or poorly planned, and the rate of expansion is so great that it often overwhelms the capacity of environmental planners and managers. Here we present a global scheme for prioritizing road building. This large-scale zoning plan seeks to limit the environmental costs of road expansion while maximizing its benefits for human development, by helping to increase agricultural production, which is an urgent priority given that global food demand could double by mid-century. Our analysis identifies areas with high environmental values where future road building should be avoided if possible, areas where strategic road improvements could promote agricultural development with relatively modest environmental costs, and 'conflict areas' where road building could have sizeable benefits for agriculture but with serious environmental damage. Our plan provides a template for proactively zoning and prioritizing roads during the most explosive era of road expansion in human history.

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A global strategy for road building

Hadronic and electromagnetic probes of hot and dense nuclear matter

A system and method provides a simulation of a complex network and movement and interdependencies between entities in the network. The system receives aggregated population data and a population synthesizer generates disaggregated population data representative of two different types of entities. The different entity types are then coupled to one another to form interdependent relationships. An activity generator generates typical activities for the entities. A route planner generates travel plans, including departure times and travel modes, for each entity to achieve daily activities. A micro-simulation module simulates movement of the individual entities in compliance with their travel plans. The system may include parallel processors to simulate thousands of roadway and transit segments, intersection signals and signs, transfer facilities between various transportation modes, traveler origins and destinations, and entities and vehicles. The system includes a framework and selector module that gathers the travel times from the simulation and uses them to re-plan activities and trips and re-run the simulation. The methods of the present invention produce appropriate dynamic behavior of the transportation network as a whole.

Population mobility generator and simulator

A macroscopic approach to giant dipole resonances (GDR's) in hot rotating nuclei is presented It is based on the Landau theory of nuclear shape transitions and provides a unified description of thermal fluctuations in all quadrupole shape degrees of freedom With all parameters fixed by the zero-temperature nuclear properties the theory shows a very good agreement with existing GDR measurements in hot nuclei The sensitivity of the GDR peak to the shape of hot nuclei is critically examined Low-temperature experimental results in Er show clear evidence for changes in the nuclear energy surface, while higher-temperature results are dominated by the fluctuations

Thermal shape fluctuations, Landau theory, and giant dipole resonances in hot rotating nuclei.

Effects of thermal fluctuations on giant dipole resonances in hot rotating nuclei

A recent macroscopic approach to the giant dipole resonances in hot rotating nuclei is extended to include the angular distributions of the {gamma} rays emitted in the resonance decay. It provides a uniform description of thermal fluctuations in all quadrupole shape degrees of freedom within the framework of the Landau theory. In particular, the inclusion of fluctuations in the nuclear orientation with respect to the rotation axis is crucial in reproducing the observed attenuation of the angular anisotropy. The theory is applied to recent precision measurements in {sup 90}Zr and {sup 92}Mo and is the first to reproduce well both the observed giant-dipole-resonance cross sections and the angular anisotropies.

Orientation fluctuations and the angular distribution of the giant-dipole-resonance gamma rays in hot rotating nuclei.

The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 targets use of 36 billion gallons of biofuels per year by 2022. Achieving this may require substantial changes to current transportation fuel systems for distribution, dispensing, and use in vehicles. The U.S. Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory designed a system dynamics approach to help focus government action by determining what supply chain changes would have the greatest potential to accelerate biofuels deployment. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory developed the Biomass Scenario Model, a system dynamics model which represents the primary system effects and dependencies in the biomass-to-biofuels supply chain. The model provides a framework for developing scenarios and conducting biofuels policy analysis. This paper focuses on the downstream portion of the supply chain–represented in the distribution logistics, dispensing station, and fuel utilization, and vehicle modules of the Biomass Scenario Model. This model initially focused on ethanol, but has since been expanded to include other biofuels. Some portions of this system are represented dynamically with major interactions and feedbacks, especially those related to a dispensing station owner’s decision whether to offer ethanol fuel and a consumer’s choice whether to purchase that fuel. Other portions of the system are modeled with little or no dynamics; the vehicle choices of consumers are represented as discrete scenarios. This paper explores conditions needed to sustain an ethanol fuel market and identifies implications of these findings for program and policy goals. A large, economically sustainable ethanol fuel market (or other biofuel market) requires low end-user fuel price relative to gasoline and sufficient producer payment, which are difficult to achieve simultaneously. Other requirements (different for ethanol vs. other biofuel markets) include the need for infrastructure for distribution and dispensing and widespread use of high ethanol blends in flexible-fuel vehicles.

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Brian Bush

Papers

Population mobility generator and simulator

Thermal shape fluctuations, Landau theory, and giant dipole resonances in hot rotating nuclei.

Effects of thermal fluctuations on giant dipole resonances in hot rotating nuclei

Orientation fluctuations and the angular distribution of the giant-dipole-resonance gamma rays in hot rotating nuclei.

Ethanol Distribution, Dispensing, and Use: Analysis of a Portion of the Biomass-to-Biofuels Supply Chain Using System Dynamics