世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

We investigate conditions sufficient for identification of average treatment effects using instrumental variables. First we show that the existence of valid instruments is not sufficient to identify any meaningful average treatment effect. We then establish that the combination of an instrument and a condition on the relation between the instrument and the participation status is sufficient for identification of a local average treatment effect for those who can be induced to change their participation status by changing the value of the instrument. Finally we derive the probability limit of the standard IV estimator under these conditions. It is seen to be a weighted average of local average treatment effects.

Evolution and Rationality Some Recent Game-Theoretic Results. Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects

(1991). Applied Linear Regression Models. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 76-77.

Applied Linear Regression Models

This comprehensive overview of local food systems explores alternative definitions of local food, estimates market size and reach, describes the characteristics of local consumers and producers, and examines early indications of the economic and health impacts of local food systems. There is no consensus on a definition of “local” or “local food systems” in terms of the geographic distance between production and consumption. But defining “local” based on marketing arrangements, such as farmers selling directly to consumers at regional farmers’ markets or to schools, is well recognized. Statistics suggest that local food markets account for a small, but growing, share of U.S. agricultural production. For smaller farms, direct marketing to consumers accounts for a higher percentage of their sales than for larger farms. Findings are mixed on the impact of local food systems on local economic development and better nutrition levels among consumers, and sparse literature is so far inconclusive about whether localization reduces energy use or greenhouse gas emissions.

Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues

Rural development in the digital age: A systematic literature review on unequal ICT availability, adoption, and use in rural areas

This paper examines the effects of four significant tornadoes on housing prices in Moore, Oklahoma. We use a hedonic difference-in-difference approach by considering transactions made preceding and following major tornadic events in Moore (occurring in 1999, 2003, 2010, and 2013). Our dataset spans nearly 30,000 housing transactions between 1990 and 2020. The length of tornado impacts is evaluated using a set of time indicators for the years leading up to (and after) the tornadoes. We find a 2-5% decrease in housing prices during the first year after a tornado for houses in the destructive path. However, no such impacts exist in years 2-7. We also employ three different specifications (OLS, spatial lag, and spatial error) to find the most appropriate model for considering the potential spatial processes at work. The results are largely similar across specifications. 

The Effects of Tornadoes on Housing Prices in Moore, Oklahoma

A commentary on a 2008 article regarding broadband adoption in Oklahoma suggests that incorporating a market and infrastructure perspective would have significantly altered the arguments made. This reply argues that the distinct infrastructure measures included in the original paper implicitly account for this perspective. It also responds to several other critiques of the original paper.

The market and infrastructure perspective: reply

Using new data set of Federal Communication Commission, we model where small broadband providers choose to locate. When using all areas data, we find that even in term of small broadband providers, digital divide between rural and urban areas still exist. However, when we restrict data on areas previously depicted as no provider, rural areas seem to be an attractive target for small broadband providers. In addition, areas with high number of household but low number of business seem to be interested by small broadband provider especially rural areas. The results also suggest that USDA policies to increase broadband providers in rural area are ineffective.

"Small" Broadband Providers: Where and Why?

PURPOSE
To determine whether community sociodemographic factors are associated with the survival or closure of rural hospitals at risk of financial distress between 2010 and 2019.


METHODS
We use a national sample of 985 rural hospitals at risk of financial distress to analyze the relationship between community sociodemographic characteristics and hospital survival or closure. We control for financial distress using the Financial Distress Index developed by the Sheps Center for Health Services Research. Community characteristics are retrieved from the Census and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. We first use Wilcoxon rank-sum tests to demonstrate annual sociodemographic differences between rural communities with financially distressed hospitals that closed between 2010 and 2019, and those that remained open. Multilevel Weibull proportional hazards regressions then uncover which sociodemographic factors are significantly associated with survival.


FINDINGS
Our initial results confirm that closures of rural hospitals at risk of financial distress disproportionately affect communities with certain sociodemographic characteristics. However, most of these characteristics are not associated with higher rates of closure in the multivariate survival analysis. The final results suggest that financially distressed hospitals are more likely to experience closure if their communities have higher rates of unemployment (Hazard Ratio = 1.36, P < .05) or uninsured residents under 65 (Hazard Ratio = 1.13, P < .05).


CONCLUSIONS
Among financially distressed rural hospitals, specific community-level sociodemographic characteristics (unemployment and uninsurance rates) are positively associated with the likelihood of closure. Social policies addressing these issues should emphasize their broader relationship with the local health sector.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jrh.12728

Community sociodemographics and rural hospital survival.

According to neoclassical economics, geographic differences in the supply of and demand for labor are a primary cause of population migration (Todaro and Maruszko, 1987) People who live in labor-surplus areas, which usually have lower wages, tend to migrate to labor-scarce areas, which usually have higher wages Generally, the labor-scarce areas have relatively higher economic growth with more industries and manufacturing concentration than the labor-surplus areas In a neoclassical world, these differences in supply and demand cause immigration, as areas with high economic growth tend to experience in-migration (Hendrink, 2001) In recent years new concepts have altered the neoclassical view of migration theory These concepts center around the idea that people not only consider economic activity factors but also the infrastructure and amenity factors that can improve their quality of life (Greenwood, 1985)

Brian E. Whitacre

Papers

The Effects of Tornadoes on Housing Prices in Moore, Oklahoma

The market and infrastructure perspective: reply

"Small" Broadband Providers: Where and Why?

Community sociodemographics and rural hospital survival.

Does Broadband Access Impact Population Growth in Rural America