世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

We investigate conditions sufficient for identification of average treatment effects using instrumental variables. First we show that the existence of valid instruments is not sufficient to identify any meaningful average treatment effect. We then establish that the combination of an instrument and a condition on the relation between the instrument and the participation status is sufficient for identification of a local average treatment effect for those who can be induced to change their participation status by changing the value of the instrument. Finally we derive the probability limit of the standard IV estimator under these conditions. It is seen to be a weighted average of local average treatment effects.

Evolution and Rationality Some Recent Game-Theoretic Results. Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects

(1991). Applied Linear Regression Models. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 76-77.

Applied Linear Regression Models

This comprehensive overview of local food systems explores alternative definitions of local food, estimates market size and reach, describes the characteristics of local consumers and producers, and examines early indications of the economic and health impacts of local food systems. There is no consensus on a definition of “local” or “local food systems” in terms of the geographic distance between production and consumption. But defining “local” based on marketing arrangements, such as farmers selling directly to consumers at regional farmers’ markets or to schools, is well recognized. Statistics suggest that local food markets account for a small, but growing, share of U.S. agricultural production. For smaller farms, direct marketing to consumers accounts for a higher percentage of their sales than for larger farms. Findings are mixed on the impact of local food systems on local economic development and better nutrition levels among consumers, and sparse literature is so far inconclusive about whether localization reduces energy use or greenhouse gas emissions.

Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues

Rural development in the digital age: A systematic literature review on unequal ICT availability, adoption, and use in rural areas

Telework, or telecommuting, is gaining increasing attention at the national level. However, the impact it has on local economies is not well understood. Theoretically, teleworking may result in higher levels of worker satisfaction and productivity, which in turn leads to increased income levels. In an effort to contribute to this important topic, this paper analyses census‐tract level work from home statistics from the 2011–2015 American Community Survey. Results from a maximum likelihood regression using a spatial Durbin error model (SDEM) indicate that after controlling for various factors such as employment by industry, educational attainment, and broadband availability, the percentage of residents working from home in both salaried and self‐employed jobs had a positive and significant impact on median household income. Importantly, spillovers from levels of telework in neighbouring communities are also shown to exist, although the direction of impact differs by worker category. The implications of this research support the need to modify current economic and workforce development policies to better nurture, attract, and retain teleworkers. A series of policy recommendations are discussed to help jumpstart this process. El teletrabajo, o trabajo a distancia, esta atrayendo cada vez mas atencion a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, el impacto que tiene en las economias locales aun no se comprende lo suficiente. Teoricamente, el teletrabajo puede generar mayores niveles de satisfaccion y productividad de los trabajadores, lo que a su vez conduce a mayores niveles de ingresos. En un esfuerzo por contribuir a este tema tan importante, este articulo analiza el trabajo a nivel de tracto censal de las estadisticas de hogares de la Encuesta de la Comunidad Estadounidense 2011‐2015. Los resultados de una regresion de maxima verosimilitud, para la que se empleo un modelo de error espacial de Durbin (SDEM, por sus siglas en ingles), indican que despues de controlar varios factores como el empleo por industria, logro educativo y disponibilidad de banda ancha, el porcentaje de residentes que trabajan desde casa en empleos asalariados y por cuenta propia tuvo un impacto positivo y significativo en la mediana del ingreso familiar. Es importante senalar que tambien se ha demostrado que existen spillovers en las comunidades vecinas derivados de los niveles de teletrabajo, aunque la direccion del impacto difiere segun la categoria de trabajador. Las implicaciones de esta investigacion respaldan la necesidad de modificar las politicas actuales de desarrollo economico y de la fuerza laboral para nutrir, atraer y retener mejor a los teletrabajadores. Se discute una serie de recomendaciones sobre politicas para ayudar a impulsar este proceso. テレワーク(またはテレコミューティング)は全国レベルでますます注目されるようになってきている。しかしながら地域経済に対するテレワークのインパクトについては、十分には解明されていない。理論上は、テレワークにより労働者の満足度と生産性が向上する可能性があり、さらには給与水準の上昇につながるとされている。この重要な課題に取り組むため、本稿では、2011年から2015年のAmerican Community Survey の国勢統計区レベルでの在宅勤務の統計を分析する。spatial Durbin error model (SDEM) を用いた最尤推定法による回帰分析の結果は、産業別の雇用者数、学歴、ブロードバンド利用状況などの要因に関して調整した後では、従業員および自営業者の両方の在宅ワーカーの割合(%)が平均世帯収入に有意かつプラスのインパクトを与えている。重要なこととして、在宅ワーカーのカテゴリーによりインパクトの方向が異なるものの、隣接するコミュニティにおけるテレワークのレベルからスピルオーバー効果が存在することも認められた。本研究から得られた知見は、より多くのテレワーカーを育成し、テレワーカーにとって好ましく、テレワークを続けられるように現行の経済開発および労働力開発の政策を改正する必要性を支持するものである。このプロセスが開始できるように一連の政策的推奨事項について考察する。

21st century economic development: Telework and its impact on local income

The impact of broadband access and use continues to transform the socioeconomic landscape placing this twenty-first century infrastructure at the center of current policymaking discourse. Past studies have found a relationship between infrastructure investments and economic productivity. Recent broadband-related studies, however, have focused on general availability or adoption, and do not distinguish which specific aspect of the technology is most associated with productivity. Utilizing cross-sectional county-level data from 2017 and spatial econometric models, this research looked into better understanding the impact of multiple broadband indicators on job productivity, including innovative broader measures of digital inclusion. Results indicate that broader metrics focused on adoption or digital distress had a larger positive impact on job productivity in comparison to measures focused on speed or availability. Moreover, these impacts vary across urban and rural settings. Although the relationships identified are not necessarily causal, an alternative matching technique generally supports the results. These findings suggest that the relationship between broadband and economic productivity should be viewed from a larger, more comprehensive socioeconomic perspective. Future research should focus on looking at these effects over time and assess how policies focused on specific broadband characteristics have impacted growth.

Broadband metrics and job productivity: a look at county-level data

Rural broadband speeds and business startup rates

Efforts to attract entrepreneurs and ‘creative class’ workers have become important components of economic development strategies for rural communities.  One commonly held perception is that broadband access is important for these types of employees; however, empirical research on the relationship between the two is generally lacking.  This study uses county-level data from the continental U.S. to estimate spatial and first-differenced regression models on the association between broadband and measures of entrepreneurship / creative class employees in rural areas.  The results suggest that high levels of broadband adoption may in fact serve to reduce the numbers of entrepreneurs and creative class employees in rural America.   These findings serve as a reminder that broadband is not a panacea for all issues of importance to rural communities, and provide evidence that there may be negative implications associated with efforts to increase levels of rural broadband access and adoption.

Does Broadband Matter for Rural Entrepreneurs or ‘Creative Class’ Employees?

However, telemedicine does more thansimply offer improved health services to acommunity—it can also have a dramatic economicimpact. Economic beneﬁts from telemedicine servicesaccrue to a rural community in various forms,including transportation savings and improvedproductivity for residents, increased lab and pharmacywork performed locally, and potential cost savings tothe hospital from outsourcing telemedicine procedures.Recent empirical studies on telemedicine havetended to focus on hospital-level cost-analysisframeworks to determine the cost-effectiveness ofvarious systems.

Brian E. Whitacre

Papers

21st century economic development: Telework and its impact on local income

Broadband metrics and job productivity: a look at county-level data

Rural broadband speeds and business startup rates

Does Broadband Matter for Rural Entrepreneurs or ‘Creative Class’ Employees?

A Community Perspective on Quantifying the Economic Impact of Teleradiology and Telepsychiatry