抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Worldwide commercial interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is reflected in a production capacity that presently exceeds several thousand tons per year. Currently, bulk CNT powders are incorporated in diverse commercial products ranging from rechargeable batteries, automotive parts, and sporting goods to boat hulls and water filters. Advances in CNT synthesis, purification, and chemical modification are enabling integration of CNTs in thin-film electronics and large-area coatings. Although not yet providing compelling mechanical strength or electrical or thermal conductivities for many applications, CNT yarns and sheets already have promising performance for applications including supercapacitors, actuators, and lightweight electromagnetic shields.

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Carbon Nanotubes: Present and Future Commercial Applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hold the promise of delivering exceptional mechanical properties and multi-functional characteristics. Ever-increasing interest in applying CNTs in many different fields has led to continued efforts to develop dispersion and functionalization techniques. To employ CNTs as effective reinforcement in polymer nanocomposites, proper dispersion and appropriate interfacial adhesion between the CNTs and polymer matrix have to be guaranteed. This paper reviews the current understanding of CNTs and CNT/polymer nanocomposites with two particular topics: (i) the principles and techniques for CNT dispersion and functionalization and (ii) the effects of CNT dispersion and functionalization on the properties of CNT/polymer nanocomposites. The fabrication techniques and potential applications of CNT/polymer nanocomposites are also highlighted.

Dispersion and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for polymer-based nanocomposites: a review

Carbon nanotube–polymer composites: Chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties

基礎講座 電気泳動(Electrophoresis)

Design considerations for piezoelectric-based energy harvesters for MEMS-scale sensors are presented, including a review of past work. Harvested ambient vibration energy can satisfy power needs of advanced MEMS-scale autonomous sensors for numerous applications, e.g., structural health monitoring. Coupled 1-D and modal (beam structure) electromechanical models are presented to predict performance, especially power, from measured low-level ambient vibration sources. Models are validated by comparison to prior published results and tests of a MEMS-scale device. A non-optimized prototype low-level ambient MEMS harvester producing 30 μW/cm3 is designed and modeled. A MEMS fabrication process for the prototype device is presented based on past work.

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Design considerations for mems-scale piezoelectric mechanical vibration energy harvesters

Fabrication and multifunctional properties of a hybrid laminate with aligned carbon nanotubes grown In Situ

Nanostructured composites containing aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are very promising as interface materials for electronic systems and thermoelectric power generators. We report the first data for the thermal conductivity of densified, aligned multiwall CNT nanocomposite films for a range of CNT volume fractions. A 1 vol % CNT composite more than doubles the thermal conductivity of the base polymer. Denser arrays (17 vol % CNTs) enhance the thermal conductivity by as much as a factor of 18 and there is a nonlinear trend with CNT volume fraction. This article discusses the impact of CNT density on thermal conduction considering boundary resistances, increased defect concentrations, and the possibility of suppressed phonon modes in the CNTs.

Thermal Conduction in Aligned Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Nanocomposites with High Packing Density

An interlaminar reinforcement using aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is demonstrated for prepreg unidirectional carbon tape composites. Aligned CNTs are grown at high temperature and then transfer-printed to prepreg at room temperature, maintaining CNT alignment in the through-thickness direction. In initial testing, the CNT-modified interface is observed to increase fracture toughness 1.5–2.5X in Mode I, and 3X in Mode II. Both compliant interlayer and bridging are considered as mechanisms of toughening, with evidence of CNT bridging observed in fracture micrographs. Fabrication methods are compatible with existing manufacturing processes and have the potential to enhance the structural and multifunctional properties of advanced composite laminates.

Brian L. Wardle

Papers

Design considerations for mems-scale piezoelectric mechanical vibration energy harvesters

Fabrication and multifunctional properties of a hybrid laminate with aligned carbon nanotubes grown In Situ

Thermal Conduction in Aligned Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Nanocomposites with High Packing Density

Joining prepreg composite interfaces with aligned carbon nanotubes

Interlaminar and intralaminar reinforcement of composite laminates with aligned carbon nanotubes