This article is divided into two parts The first maps out the paradigmatic character of structural versus actor-oriented approaches to the study of development and social change, and argues for the injection of a more thoroughgoing, and better theorized, actor perspective into empirical research The second traces my own struggle with theory and practice during the course of my Latin American work in Peru and Mexico The conclusion takes up the issue of paradigm change and the so-called theoretical 'crisis' in the contemporary sociology of devel opment1

From paradigm lost or paradigm regained?; the case for an actor-oriented sociology of development.

The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry.

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Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals

Introduction: The Project of Historiography Section 1: Beginnings - East and West Introduction 1.1 Asian Historiography: Two Traditions 1.2 Historiography and Greek Self-Definition .3 Re-Reading the Roman Historians 1.4 The Historiography of Rural Labour 1.5 Towards Late-Antiquity Section 2: The Medieval World Introduction 2.1 The Historiography of the Medieval State 2.2 Saladin and the Third Crusade 2.3 Family and Household 2.4 The Medieval Nobility 2.5 Armies and Warfare 2.6 Popular Religion Section 3: Early-Modern Historiography Introduction 3.1 The Idea of Early Modern History 3.2 The Scientific Revolution 3.3 Intellectual History 3.4 The English Reformation 3.5 Popular Culture in the Early-Modern West 3.6 Revisionism in Britain Section 4: Reflecting on the Modern Age Introduction I: Revolution and Ideology 4.1 The French Revolution 4.2 The Soviet Revolution 4.3 National Socialism in Germany 4.4 Fascism and Beyond in Italy 4.5 Orientalism London: II Area Studies 4.6 China 4.7 Japan 4.8 India 4.9 Africa 4.10 North America 4.11 Latin America Section 5: Contexts for the Writing of History I: Hinterlands 5.1 History and Philosophy 5.2 History and Anthropology 5.3 History and Archaeology 5.4 History of Art II: Approaches 5.5 The Historical Narrative 5.6 The Annales School 5.7 Marxist Historiography 5.8 Women in Historiography 5.9 Comparative World History 5.10 Archives and Technology

Companion to Historiography

Locating the political : a political anthropology of today the origins and limits of coercive power: the anthropology of stateless societies from hierarchy to surveillance: the politics of agrarian civilisation and the rise of Western nation state the political anthropology of colonialism: a study of domination and resistance third world states: legacies of history and pressures of modernity from macro to micro processes: anthropolitical practice political process and global disorder: perspectives on contemporary conflict and violence society against the modern state: social movements, cultural politics, gender politics anthropology and politics: commitment responsibility and the academy.

Power and its Disguises: Anthropological Perspectives on Politics

State Building in Latin America diverges from existing scholarship in developing explanations both for why state-building efforts in the region emerged and for their success or failure. First, Latin American state leaders chose to attempt concerted state-building only where they saw it as the means to political order and economic development. Fragmented regionalism led to the adoption of more laissez-faire ideas and the rejection of state-building. With dominant urban centers, developmentalist ideas and state-building efforts took hold, but not all state-building projects succeeded. The second plank of the book's argument centers on strategies of bureaucratic appointment to explain this variation. Filling administrative ranks with local elites caused even concerted state-building efforts to flounder, while appointing outsiders to serve as administrators underpinned success. Relying on extensive archival evidence, the book traces how these factors shaped the differential development of education, taxation, and conscription in Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru.

State building in Latin America

This book offers the first interpretive synthesis of the history of Andean peasants and the challenges of nation-making in the four republics of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia during the turbulent nineteenth century. Nowhere in Latin America were postcolonial transitions more vexed or violent than in the Andes, where communal indigenous roots grew deep and where the 'Indian problem' seemed so daunting to liberalizing states. Brooke Larson paints vivid portraits of Creole ruling elites and native peasantries engaged in ongoing political and moral battles over the rightful place of the Indian majorities in these emerging nation-states. In this story, indigenous people emerge as crucial protagonists through their prosaic struggles for land, community, and 'ethnic' identity, as well as in the upheaval of war, rebellion, and repression in rural society. This book raises broader issues about the interplay of liberalism, racism, and ethnicity in the formation of exclusionary 'republics without citizens'.

Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910

List of Maps ix Acknowledgments 1 I. Introduction 3 1. Andean Communities, Political Cultures, and Markets: The Changing Contours of a Field / Brooke Larson 5 II. From Inca to Spanish Rule: The Making of Indians and Markets 55 2. Did Tribute and Markets Prevail in the Andes before the European invasion? / John V. Murra 57 3. The Variety and Ambiguity of Native Andean Intervention in European Colonial Markets / Steve J. Stern 73 4. Exchange in the Ethnic Territories between 1530 and 1567: The Visitas of Huanuco and Chucuito / Carlos Sempat Assadourian 101 5. Exchange and Markets in the Sixteenth Century: A View from the North / Susan E. Ramirez 135 III. Andean Tribute, Migration, and Trade: Remapping the Boundaries of Ethnicity and Exchange 165 6. Indian Migration and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century Charcas / Thierry Saignas 167 7. Indians in Late Colonial Markets: Sources and Numbers / Enripe Tandeter, Vilma Milletich, Maria Matilda Olllier, and Beatriz Ruibal 196 8. Markets, Power, and the Politics of Exchange in Tapacari, c.1780 and 1980 / Brooke Larson and Rosario Leon 224 IV. Negotiating the Meanings of Market Exchange: Community and Hierarchy in Three Andean Contexts 257 9. Ethnic Calendars and Market Interventions Among the Ayllus of Lipes during the Nineteenth Century / Tristan Platt 259 10. The Sources and Meanings of Money: Beyond the Market Paradigm in an Ayllu of Northern Potosi / Olivia Harris 297 11. "Women Are More Indian": Ethnicity and Gender in a Community near Cuzco / Marisol de la Cadena 329 V. Conclusion 349 12. Ethnic Identity and Market Relations: Indians and Mestizos in the Andes / Olivia Harris 351 Glossary 391 Selected Bibliography 397 Contributors 419 Index 421

Ethnicity, Markets, and Migration in the Andes: At the Crossroads of History and Anthropology

Winner of the 1990 Best Book Award from the New England Council on Latin American StudiesThis study of Bolivia uses Cochabamba as a laboratory to examine the long-term transformation of native Andean society into a vibrant Quechua-Spanish-mestizo region of haciendas and smallholdings, towns and villages, peasant markets and migratory networks caught in the web of Spanish imperial politics and economics. Combining economic, social, and ethnohistory, Brooke Larson shows how the contradictions of class and colonialism eventually gave rise to new peasant, artisan, and laboring groups that challenged the evolving structures of colonial domination. Originally published in 1988, this expanded edition includes a new final chapter that explores the book's implications for understanding the formation of a distinctive peasant political culture in the Cochabamba valleys over the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Cochabamba, 1550-1900: Colonialism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia

Cochabamba is the principal agricultural region of Bolivia, with a peasantry that has been especially active in small-scale commercial agriculture and marketing. Focusing on this region, Brooke Larson supplies the first long-term historical view of rural society in colonial and nineteenthy2Dcentury Bolivia. While examining the impact of mercantile colonialism during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, she offers an important corrective to the "world-systems" approach to agrarian transformation. Weak Andean resistance and the emerging interregional market created extraordinary opportunities for Europeans to turn Cochabamba into an agrarian hinterland of Potosi: Professor Larson locates the dynamic of this kind of historical change not only in the global forces of commercial capitalism but also in the local tensions and conflicts among Andean peasants, Spanish landowners, and the colonial state. Combining economic history and ethnohistory, the author shows how the contradictions of class and colonialism gave rise to new social forces from below that both accommodated and challenged the evolving structures of domination. She argues that the adaptive vitality of the Cochabamba peasantry gradually undermined the economic power of the hacendado class and the moral authority of the Bourbon state, with landlords and colonial administrators resorting to new forms of exploitation in the late colonial period. The book then examines the social consequences of these agrarian patterns for the region and nation in the late nineteenth century.

Colonialism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia: Cochabamba, 1550-1900

Emphasizing the reciprocal influences of European and Andean peoples, the contributors to this volume examine the formation of a colonial society in sixteenth-century South America. Together these eight outstanding essays by specialists in anthropology, history, art history, and literary studies are a model interdisciplinary forum in Andean and colonial studies. The authors explore the Old World background to the cultural encounter; the key political, social, and economic forces at work in shaping the Andean landscape; the transformation and hybridization of Inca symbolism; and the ways in which Andeans and Europeans came to interpret the emerging colonial society.

Brooke Larson

Papers

Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910

Ethnicity, Markets, and Migration in the Andes: At the Crossroads of History and Anthropology

Cochabamba, 1550-1900: Colonialism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia

Colonialism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia: Cochabamba, 1550-1900

Transatlantic encounters : Europeans and Andeans in the sixteenth century