Returns to investment in education: A global update

This literature review concerns the impact of immigration on the economy of the host country focusing on the experience of the United States. The emphasis is on the period from the 1970s to the 1990s. The author shows that research earlier in this period generally concluded that the economic effects of immigration were positive but that more recent research on later migrations have generally concluded that immigration may be having an adverse effect on the earnings of native unskilled workers and be placing an increased burden on welfare programs. The importance of such economic analysis for the formulation of appropriate migration policies is stressed.

http://www.kleykampintaiwan.com/files/GradEco/TheEconOfImmig.pdf

The Economics of Immigration

A detailed review of the education sector in Australia as in the data provided by the 2006 edition of the OECD's annual publication, 'Education at a Glance' is presented. While the data has shown that in almost all OECD countries educational attainment levels are on the rise, with countries showing impressive gains in university qualifications, it also reveals that a large of share of young people still do not complete secondary school, which remains a baseline for successful entry into the labour market.

/pdf/education-at-a-glance-m5vl7o68j5.pdf

Education at a Glance

1.. HARD CASES 5. Legal Rights A. Legislation . . . We might therefore do well to consider how a philosophical judge might develop, in appropriate cases, theories of what legislative purpose and legal principles require. We shall find that he would construct these theories in the same manner as a philosophical referee would construct the character of a game. I have invented, for this purpose, a lawyer of superhuman skill, learning, patience and acumen, whom I shall call Hercules. I suppose that Hercules is a judge in some representative American jurisdiction. I assume that he accepts the main uncontroversial constitutive and regulative rules of the law in his jurisdiction. He accepts, that is, that statutes have the general power to create and extinguish legal rights, and that judges have the general duty to follow earlier decisions of their court or higher courts whose rationale, as l

Taking Rights Seriously

Capitalism and Freedom

It is opportune to esplore the conceptual basis of Higher Education Contribution Scheme, examine its revenue and practical implications, and ask if its institutionhas diminished the access of the disadvantaged to Australia's higher education system.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Conceptual Issues and the Australian Experience With Income Contingent Charges for Higher Education

It is well known that higher education financing involves uncertainty and risk with respect to students' future economic fortunes, and an unwillingness of banks to provide loans because of the absence of collateral. It follows that without government intervention there will be both socially sub-optimal and regressive outcomes with respect to the provision of higher education. The historically most common response to this market failure – a government guarantee to repay student loans to banks in the event of default – is associated with significant problems. Income contingent loans offer a possible solution. Since the late 1980s ICLs have been adopted in, or recommended for, a significant and growing number of countries, and it is this important international policy reform that has motivated the chapter. An ICL provides students with finance for tuition and/or income support, its critical and defining characteristic being that the collection of the debt depends on the borrowers' future capacity to pay. ICL have two major insurance advantages for borrowers over more typical arrangements: default protection and consumption smoothing. With reference to countries with both successful and unsuccessful ICL, the chapter illustrates that the operational and design features of such schemes are of fundamental importance with respect to their potential efficacy. It also seems to be the case that in many institutional and political environments there is not yet the administrative sophistication to make ICLs viable, although for reasons documented this is unlikely to be the case for the vast majority of OECD countries. For one country, Australia, there is now a significant amount of research into the consequences of an ICL, and the evidence is explored in some detail. The investigation into the Australian experience helps in the development of a research agenda.

/pdf/income-contingent-loans-for-higher-education-international-yfmz6fupqq.pdf

Income Contingent Loans for Higher Education: International Reforms

https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41572/4/DP463.pdf

The access implications of income-contingent charges for higher education: lessons from Australia

While official crime statistics from many countries show that unemployed people have high crime rates and that communities with a lot of unemployment experience a lot of crime, this cross-sectional relationship is very often not found in time-series studies of unemployment and crime. In Australia there have been no individual-level or cross-sectional studies of unemployment and adult crime which have failed to find a positive relationship and no time-series which have supported a positive relationship. Consistent with this pattern, a time series of homicide from 1921 to 1987 in Australia reveals no significant unemployment effect. A theoretical resolution of this apparent paradox is advanced in terms of the effect of female employment on crime in a partriarchal society. Crime is posited as a function of both total unemployment and female employment. When female employment is added to the model, it has a strong positive effect on homicide, and unemployment also assumes a strong positive effect.

/pdf/unemployment-and-crime-toward-resolving-the-paradox-2izdd0pwmb.pdf

Unemployment and Crime: Toward Resolving the Paradox

List of Figures. List of Tables. Acronyms. Preface. Introduction. Part I: Income Contingent Loans for Higher Education 1. Summary of Part I 2. Paying for Higher Education 3. The Case for Income Contingent Loans for Higher Education Financing 4. A Detailed Case Study of a Risk-Sharing Income Contingent Loan: Australia, 1989 to 2004 5. Income Contingent Loans for Higher Education: The International Experience Part II: Income Contingent Loans for Public Policy: Five Case Studies 6. Summary of Part II 7. Turning Grants into Loans: Income Contingent Loans for Drought Relief 8. Criminal Reparations: Using the Tax System to Collect Fines 9. Criminal Reparations: Using Financial Incentives and Income Contingent Fines for White Collar Crimes 10. Social and Community Investments: Profit Contingent Loans for Economically Disadvantaged Regions 11. Income Contingent Loans for Low Income Households Part III: Income Contingent Loans for Public Policy: Reform Issues and Additional Potential Areas 12. Summary of Part III 13. Similarities and Differences Between the Income Contingent Loan. Case Studies. 14. Epilogue. References. Appendices.

Bruce Chapman

Papers

Conceptual Issues and the Australian Experience With Income Contingent Charges for Higher Education

Income Contingent Loans for Higher Education: International Reforms

The access implications of income-contingent charges for higher education: lessons from Australia

Unemployment and Crime: Toward Resolving the Paradox

Government Managing Risk: Income Contingent Loans for Social and Economic Progress