The third way: the renewal of social democracy

Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe.

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Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment

Public policy instrumentation and its choice of tools and modes of operation are treated either as a kind of evidence (governing means making regulations, taxing, entering into contracts, communicating, etc.) or as if the questions it raises (the properties of instruments, justifications for choosing them, their applicability, etc.) are part of a rationality of methods without any autonomous meaning. This paper aims to explain the significance of a political sociology approach to public policy instruments in accounting for processes of public policy change: (1) public policy instrumentation is a major issue in public policy, since it reveals a (fairly explicit) theorization of the relationship between the governing and the governed: every instrument constitutes a condensed form of knowledge about social control and ways of exercising it; and (2) instruments at work are not neutral devices: they produce specific effects, independently of the objective pursued (the aims ascribed to them), which structure public policy according to their own logic.

Introduction: Understanding Public Policy through Its Instruments—From the Nature of Instruments to the Sociology of Public Policy Instrumentation

The relevance of socioeconomic class and of class-related parties for policymaking is a recurring issue in the social sciences. The “new politics” perspective holds that in the present era of austerity, class-based parties once driving welfare state expansion have been superseded by powerful new interest groups of welfare-state clients capable of largely resisting retrenchment pressures emanating from postindustrial forces. We argue that retrenchment can fruitfully be analyzed as distributive conflict involving a remaking of the early postwar social contract based on the full employment welfare state, a conflict in which partisan politics and welfare-state institutions are likely to matter. Pointing to problems of conceptualization and measurement of the dependent variable in previous research, we bring in new data on the extent of retrenchment in social citizenship rights and show that the long increase in social rights has been turned into a decline and that significant retrenchment has taken place in several countries. Our analyses demonstrate that partisan politics remains significant for retrenchment also when we take account of contextual indictors, such as constitutional veto points, economic factors, and globalization.Author names are in alphabetical order and they share equal responsibility for the manuscript. Early versions of this paper were presented at annual meetings of the Nordic Political Science Association in Aalborg, 2002, and the American Political Science Association in San Francisco, 2001, the International Sociological Association RC 28 meeting in Mannheim, 2001, the International Sociological Association RC 19 meeting in Tilburg 2000, and the American Sociological Association in Washington, DC, 2000, as well as at various seminars. For constructive comments on different versions of the manuscript we thank Rainer Lepsius, Anders Lindbom, Ingalill Montanari, John Myles, Michael Shalev, Sheila Shaver, and Robin Stryker, as well as other participants in these meetings. We want to thank Olof Backman, Stefan Englund, Ingrid Esser, Helena Hoog, and Annita Nasstrom for very valuable help and Dennis Quinn for providing us his data on international financial deregulation. Our thanks are also due to three anonymous referees for careful reading. This research has been supported by grants from the Bank of Sweden Tercentennial Foundation and the Swedish Council for Social Research.

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New Politics and Class Politics in the Context of Austerity and Globalization: Welfare State Regress in 18 Countries, 1975-95

The French and German political economies have been significantly reconfigured over the past two decades. Although the changes have often been more piecemeal than revolutionary, their cumulative effects are profound. The authors characterize the changes that have taken place as involving the institutionalization of new forms of dualism and argue that what gives contemporary developments a different character from the past is that dualism is now explicitly underwritten by state policy. They see this outcome as the culmination of a sequence of developments, beginning in the field of industrial relations, moving into labor market dynamics, and finally finding institutional expression in welfare state reforms. Contrary to theoretical accounts that suggest that institutional complementarities support stability and institutional reproduction, the authors argue that the linkages across these realms have helped to translate employer strategies that originated in the realm of industrial relations into a stable, new, and less egalitarian model with state support.

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Institutionalizing Dualism: Complementarities and Change in France and Germany

Part I: Concept and Measurement 1. How We Grow Unequal Patrick Emmenegger, Silja Hausermann, Bruno Palier, and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser 2. Varieties of Dualization? Labor Market Segmentation and Insider-Outsider Divides Across Regimes Silja Hausermann and Hanna Schwander 3. Labor Market Disadvantage and the Experience of Recurrent Poverty Mark Tomlinson and Robert Walker Part II: Decomposing Dualization 4. Whatever Works: Dualization and the Service Economy in Bismarckian Welfare States Werner Eichhorst and Paul Marx 5. Dualization and Gender in Social Services: The Role of the State in Germany and France Daniela Kroos and Karin Gottschall 6. From Dilemma to Dualization: Social and Migration Policies in the 'Reluctant Countries of Immigration Patrick Emmenegger and Romana Careja Part III: Varieties of Dualization 7. Shifting the Public-Private Mix: A New Dualization of Welfare Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, Adam Saunders, and Marek Naczyk 8. Responses to Labor Market Divides in Small States Since the 1990s Herbert Obinger, Peter Starke, and Alexandra Kaasch 9. Dualization and Institutional Complementarities: Industrial Relations, Labor Market and Welfare State Changes in France and Germany Bruno Palier and Kathleen Thelen 10. Economic Dualization in Japan and South Korea Ito Peng Part IV: The Politics of Dualization 11. Solidarity or Dualization? Social Governance, Union Preferences and Unemployment Benefit Adjustment in Belgium and France Daniel Clegg 12. Insider-Outsider Politics: Party Strategies and Political Behavior in Sweden Johannes Lindvall and David Rueda 13. How Rich Countries Cope With Deindustrialization Patrick Emmenegger, Silja Hausermann, Bruno Palier, and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser Index

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The age of dualization : the changing face of inequality in deindustrializing societies

Since the late 1990s, new strategies concerning the role and shape of welfare states have been formulated, many of which are guided by a logic of social investment. This book maps out this new perspective and assesses both its achievements and shortcomings. In doing so, it provides a critical analysis of social investment ideas and policies and opens up for discussion many of Europe’s most pressing concerns—such as an aging population, the current economic crisis, and environmental issues— and whether social investment can provide adequate responses to these challenges. (Resume editeur)

Towards a social investment welfare state? : ideas, policies and challenges

AANGEPAST DOOR ANNE:[-]Dit boek geeft een uitgebreid overzicht van alle sociale hervormingen die de afgelopen dertig jaar in Europa zijn doorgevoerd. Aan bod komen Duitsland, Oostenrijk, Frankrijk, Belgi , Nederland, Spanje, Itali , Zwitserland, Tsjechi , Hongarije, Polen en Slowakije. Bruno Palier toont aan dat al deze landen vergaande hervormingen hebben doorgevoerd in hun zorgstelsel. De oudere structuren, gebaseerd op de eerste sociale zorgstelsels als die onder Bismarck, voldoen niet meer aan de hedendaagse maatschappelijke behoeften. Zo is met de emancipatie van werknemers de hi rarchische structuur veranderd en is de man niet langer vanzelfsprekend de kostwinner van het gezin. Tegenwoordig hebben veel landen een duaal systeem dat onderscheid maakt tussen bescherming van goedfunctionerende burgers en de ondersteuning en motivatie van 'atypische' deelnemers aan de samenleving.[-][-]Bruno Palier is onderzoeker aan de Fondation nationale des sciences politiques in Parijs en wetenschappelijk co rdinator van de European Network of Excellence, Reconciling Work and Welfare in Europe (RECWOWE).[-][-][-]During the 2000s, all continental European countries implemented important structural reforms of their welfare systems (a shift to multi-pillar pension systems, activation, competition in health insurance and care policies outside the family). Even though the changes only became fully apparent over the past decade, this book shows that they must be understood as the culmination of a longer reform trajectory. This book is devoted to the detailed analysis of this reform trajectory. Taken together, the reforms have contributed to a reorganisation of the Bismarckian welfare systems as a whole: they have lost their encompassing capacities, partly turned to activation and employment-friendliness, and weakened the strongest elements of their male breadwinner bias. Instead of the emergence of new hybrid welfare systems, the book concludes that Continental Europe witnessed the development of dual welfare systems that differentiate between the protection of the core workers and the activation of the -atypical (low skilled) ones, and thus contribute to the dualisation of Continental European societies.

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A Long Goodbye to Bismarck? : The Politics of Welfare Reform in Continental Europe

L’analyse des politiques publiques insiste principalement, mais trop souvent alternativement sur trois series de variables : les « idees », les « interets » et les « institutions ». Cet article degage les trois temps necessaires d’une demarche qui cherche a combiner ces variables. Mobiliser les « interets », les « idees » et les « institutions » permet de rester attentif a la pluralite des dimensions possibles de l’analyse et a la diversite des « causes » possibles dans l’etude de l’action publique. En s’appuyant sur plusieurs pans importants de la litterature, cet usage des « trois I » permet aussi de formuler diverses hypotheses a priori sur les phenomenes observes, qui peuvent se reveler concurrentes ou complementaires a posteriori. Ces differentes dimensions sont a hierarchiser ex post en decoupant les processus de l’action publique en differentes sequences.

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Bruno Palier

Papers

Institutionalizing Dualism: Complementarities and Change in France and Germany

The age of dualization : the changing face of inequality in deindustrializing societies

Towards a social investment welfare state? : ideas, policies and challenges

A Long Goodbye to Bismarck? : The Politics of Welfare Reform in Continental Europe

Les 'trois I' et l’analyse de l’État en action