Evidence Based Antibacterial Potentials of Medicinal Plants and Herbs Countering Bacterial Pathogens Especially in the Era of Emerging Drug Resistance: An Integrated Update

Prevention of quality loss and melanosis of Pacific white shrimp by cashew leaf extracts

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating all school children at regular intervals with deworming drugs in areas where helminth infection is common. Global advocacy organizations claim routine deworming has substantive health and societal effects beyond the removal of worms. In this update of the 2015 edition we included six new trials, additional data from included trials, and addressed comments and criticisms. Objectives To summarize the effects of public health programmes to regularly treat all children with deworming drugs on child growth, haemoglobin, cognition, school attendance, school performance, physical fitness, and mortality. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; Embase; LILACS; the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT); reference lists; and registers of ongoing and completed trials up to 19 September 2018. Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs that compared deworming drugs for soil‐transmitted helminths (STHs) with placebo or no treatment in children aged 16 years or less, reporting on weight, height, haemoglobin, and formal tests of cognition. We also sought data on other measures of growth, school attendance, school performance, physical fitness, and mortality. Data collection and analysis At least two review authors independently assessed the trials for inclusion, risk of bias, and extracted data. We analysed continuous data using the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Where data were missing, we contacted trial authors. We stratified the analysis based on the background burden of STH infection. We used outcomes at time of longest follow‐up. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Main results We identified 51 trials, including 10 cluster‐RCTs, that met the inclusion criteria. One trial evaluating mortality included over one million children, and the remaining 50 trials included a total of 84,336 participants. Twenty‐four trials were in populations categorized as high burden, including nine trials in children selected because they were helminth‐stool positive; 18 with intermediate burden; and nine as low burden. First or single dose of deworming drugs Fourteen trials reported on weight after a single dose of deworming drugs (4970 participants, 14 RCTs). The effects were variable. There was little or no effect in studies conducted in low and intermediate worm burden groups. In the high‐burden group, there was little or no effect in most studies, except for a large effect detected from one study area in Kenya reported in two trials carried out over 30 years ago. These trials result in qualitative heterogeneity and uncertainty in the meta‐analysis across all studies (I2 statistic = 90%), with GRADE assessment assessed as very low‐certainty, which means we do not know if a first dose or single dose of deworming impacts on weight. For height, most studies showed little or no effect after a single dose, with one of the two trials in Kenya from 30 years ago showing a large average difference (2621 participants, 10 trials, low‐certainty evidence). Single dose probably had no effect on average haemoglobin (MD 0.10 g/dL, 95% CI 0.03 lower to 0.22 higher; 1252 participants, five trials, moderate‐certainty evidence), or on average cognition (1596 participants, five trials, low‐certainty evidence). The data are insufficient to know if there is an effect on school attendance and performance (304 participants, one trial, low‐certainty evidence), or on physical fitness (280 participants, three trials, very low‐certainty evidence). No trials reported on mortality. Multiple doses of deworming drugs The effect of regularly treating children with deworming drugs given every three to six months on weight was reported in 18 trials, with follow‐up times of between six months and three years; there was little or no effect on average weight in all but two trials, irrespective of worm prevalence‐intensity. The two trials with large average weight gain included one in the high burden area in Kenya carried out over 30 years ago, and one study from India in a low prevalence area where subsequent studies in the same area did not show an effect. This heterogeneity causes uncertainty in any meta‐analysis (I2 = 78%). Post‐hoc analysis excluding trials published prior to 2000 gave an estimate of average difference in weight gain of 0.02 kg (95%CI from 0.04 kg loss to 0.08 gain, I2 = 0%). Thus we conclude that we do not know if repeated doses of deworming drugs impact on average weight, with a fewer older studies showing large gains, and studies since 2000 showing little or no average gain. Regular treatment probably had little or no effect on the following parameters: average height (MD 0.02 cm higher, 95% CI 0.09 lower to 0.13 cm higher; 13,700 participants, 13 trials, moderate‐certainty evidence); average haemoglobin (MD 0.01 g/dL lower; 95% CI 0.05 g/dL lower to 0.07 g/dL higher; 5498 participants, nine trials, moderate‐certainty evidence); formal tests of cognition (35,394 participants, 8 trials, moderate‐certainty evidence); school performance (34,967 participants, four trials, moderate‐certainty evidence). The evidence assessing an effect on school attendance is inconsistent, and at risk of bias (mean attendance 2% higher, 95% CI 5% lower to 8% higher; 20,650 participants, three trials, very low‐certainty evidence). No trials reported on physical fitness. No effect was shown on mortality (1,005,135 participants, three trials, low‐certainty evidence). Authors' conclusions Public health programmes to regularly treat all children with deworming drugs do not appear to improve height, haemoglobin, cognition, school performance, or mortality. We do not know if there is an effect on school attendance, since the evidence is inconsistent and at risk of bias, and there is insufficient data on physical fitness. Studies conducted in two settings over 20 years ago showed large effects on weight gain, but this is not a finding in more recent, larger studies. We would caution against selecting only the evidence from these older studies as a rationale for contemporary mass treatment programmes as this ignores the recent studies that have not shown benefit.

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Public health deworming programmes for soil‐transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas

Clitoria ternatea or commonly known as 'Butterfly pea' has been used traditionally in Ayurvedic medicine in which various parts of the plants are used to treat health issues such as indigestion, constipation, arthritis, skin diseases, liver and intestinal problems. The flowers of C. ternatea are used worldwide as ornamental flowers and traditionally used as a food colorant. This paper reviews the recent advances in the extraction and biological activities of phytochemicals from C. ternatea flowers. The application of maceration or ultrasound assisted extraction greatly increased the yield (16-247% of increase) of phytochemicals from C. ternatea flowers. Various phytochemicals such as kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin glycosides as well as anthocyanins have been isolated from C. ternatea flowers. Clitoria ternatea flower extracts were found to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antidiabetic activities which are beneficial to human health. Clitoria ternatea flower is a promising candidate for functional food applications owing to its wide range of pharmacotherapeutic properties as well as its safety and effectiveness.

Extraction methods of butterfly pea ( Clitoria ternatea ) flower and biological activities of its phytochemicals.

Medicinal plants utilized in Thai Traditional Medicine for diabetes treatment: Ethnobotanical surveys, scientific evidence and phytochemicals

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of seed extract from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Background: Anti-aging health drinks currently are one of the largest consumer drinks. People are more concerned about their health and quality of health life in order to increase longevity. We have investigated that many anti-aging health drink products in Thailand are developed below the standard and do not meet the Thai FDA requirements in terms of bioactivities and toxicity analysis. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the bioactivity quantities, active ingredients, total phenolic contents, and different extraction methods essential to obtain definite value of bioactivities, quantified antioxidant activity, and also acute toxicity analysis of Clitoria ternatea Linn flower extract drink. Materials and Methods: We performed ultrasonication extraction and maceration with 40% and 50% ethyl alcohol in different periods of time and also analysis of antioxidant activities with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid methods, total phenolic compound, active in gradients by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: We found that C. ternatea Linn flower extract drink consisted of high contents of gallic acid and rutin by HPLC method. There was no acute toxicity of C. ternatea Linn flower extract health drink.
Abbreviations used: DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP: Ferric-reducing antioxidant power; ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; EtOH: Ethanol; PTZ: (2,4, 6—tripyridyl—striazine); CH3OH: Acetic acid; CH3OH: Methyl alcohol.

Ultrasonication extraction, bioactivity, antioxidant activity, total flavonoid, total phenolic and antioxidant of Clitoria Ternatea linn flower extract for anti-aging drinks

Comparative Study of Chlorophyll Content in Leaves of Thai Morus alba Linn. Species

BACKGROUND Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng has been reported to possess various beneficial medicinal properties. Scientific information about this plant is limited. This study was therefore, designed to determine hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects of ethanol seed extract from A. bunius (ABSE). Antioxidant activity and also acute toxicity were conducted. METHODOLOGY The hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects were studied by oral giving ABSE at a dose of 250 mg kg -1 to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats daily for 6 weeks. Antioxidant activity was studied using DPPH assay. The ABSE at the doses of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg kg -1 were employed in the acute toxicity study. RESULTS The results revealed that ABSE significantly (p<0.05) reduced the blood glucose level and recovered the pathology of hematological values, but significantly (p<0.05) increased the body weight and slightly increased serum insulin of the diabetic rats. However, ABSE recovered pathology of hematological values, but affected renal and hepatic functions in the treated rats by producing an alteration of creatinine, albumin, total protein, BUN and ALP. Interestingly, ABSE increased WBC and HDL, but reduced CHOL, LDL and TG both in normal and diabetic ABSE treated rats. The ABSE possessed relatively low antioxidant activity with IC50 of 2174±14.24 mg mL -1 compared to vitamin C (1.48±0.07 μg mL -1). Fortunately, ABSE did not produce any symptoms of acute toxicity and mortality in the rats. CONCLUSION The ethanol seed extract from A. bunius possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. The ABSE also recovered the pathology of the hematology but may cause renal dysfunction in the diabetic rats. The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects are likely due to its antioxidant and insulin secretion activities.

Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Seed Extract from Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats.

Background: This study was carried out in Mahasarakham Primary Healthcare Center, Mahasarakham province in the area of Northeastern of Thailand. The experiment was randomized control trial clinical study in order to examine the side effects of Areca catechu Linn., Thai traditional formulae medicine, mebendazole in the treatment of anti-helmintic activity of mixed worms infection in human. Materials and Methods: The experimental group consisted of 15 patients and 5 patients for control group with inclusion and exclusion criteria, which were screened by parasitologist with the selection of mixed worm infection patient samples. The investigation of side effects was recorded after the treatment of each group of patient with different kinds of 4 group of medicine. Results: The percentage of side effects was collected by nurses and confirmed by the physician at Mahasarakham Health Center, which were diarrhea and nausea side effects. The percentage of side effects by the treatments of Areca catechu Linn., Thai traditional formulae medicine, mebendazole were investigated by the physician and the pharmacist, which the result showed 20% of diarrhea in Areca catechu Linn., 20% of nausea in Areca catechu Linn, 20% in side effect of diarrhea in mebendazole treatment, and no side effects were found by the treatment of TTFM. The result showed that Areca catechu Linn. had higher side effects among the 3 anti-helmintic drugs. Conclusion: The findings indicate to increase the numbers of samples of worm-infected patients, which the samples can be identified with the specification of helminthes genus and species in order to obtain the efficacy by the treatment using Areca catechu Linn and also indicates to increase various forms of dosage preparations and various demographic locations in Thailand.

Buavaroon Srichaikul

Papers

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of seed extract from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Ultrasonication extraction, bioactivity, antioxidant activity, total flavonoid, total phenolic and antioxidant of Clitoria Ternatea linn flower extract for anti-aging drinks

Comparative Study of Chlorophyll Content in Leaves of Thai Morus alba Linn. Species

Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Seed Extract from Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats.

Comparative study of double blind clinical trial in side-effects among Areca catechu l., Thai traditional herbal formula and mebendazole.