Cellular Energy Grids represent one of the most recent operational concepts for building smart energy grids. However, due to the complexity of those systems, their design and evaluation is not a trivial task. In this context, the paper aims to identify and discuss factors that are already available in the planning phase of a network and have a strong impact on its overall service quality. On the basis of such factors, a specific service quality indicator is defined to enable the comparison of different cellular grids. The experimentation of that indicator is then contextually shown through its application on various network configurations.

A Service Quality Indicator for Apriori Assessment and Comparison of Cellular Energy Grids

The ability to enhance network routing for flexible support of different application requirements is essential to widen the horizon for the Internet of things (IoT) deployments. The Internet protocol (IP) version 6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) provides an effective routing solution addressing such a challenge. It realises flexible end-to-end IP routing that can be adapted to support different IoT applications. This is based on the concept of customisable objective functions (OFs), which facilitates application-specific routing using a wide range of routing metrics. There are only two default OFs of basic routing metrics, which are specified by the Internet engineering task force for RPL. However, a number of others have been proposed by the network research community to address single- and multi-objective RPL routing enhancement. These research proposals followed different methodological approaches and adopted a variety of routing metrics to achieve different optimisation goals. Up-to-date research efforts to improve RPL routing and topology optimisation have been reviewed, and recent RPL OFs and routing metrics in the literature have been discussed. The major aim is shedding light on relevant contributions to establish a firm understanding of recent RPL developments and outline plausible areas for follow-up researches.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-net.2018.5167

Toward an understanding of recent developments in RPL routing

This paper first introduces the concept of Smart Grids (SG). We review in this paper, numerous forms of ways of communication of the smart grid; there pros and cons, and the best-suited scenario for the adaption of a certain communicating network. The communication techniques include wireless communication, SFiWi, NANs, WSNs, etc., we review in this paper certain protocols as well as architectures. Protocols include discussion on RPL and CBR RPL protocols. Last, we review the security details of SGs.

Communication Techniques in Smart Grid—A State of Art

To support a real-time communication of various system of smart grid, a data transmission time — expected transmission time (ETT) — needs to be considered. RPL protocol is a routing protocol which routes the data based on distance vector. The critical function for RPL protocol is a parent selection function. The function affects to the performance of RPL — reliability, node lifetime and also the transmission time. Once the parent is inappropriately chose, the system reliability degrades, the node life time is short and the transmission time also increases. To improve overall performance of parent selection of RPL, two parent selection mechanisms are proposed. First, EEA is proposed to prolong the node life time by considering remaining energy and ETX as the selection constraints. However, the appropriate weight has not been investigated yet. Later, WR-EERA is proposed to prolong overall network lifetime by adjusting the weight on node's rank. Nevertheless, these mentioned mechanisms have not been investigate the transmission time and the appropriate distance between nodes for smart grid system. In this paper, we investigate the appropriate distance between nodes in network based on RPL protocol that meets the requirements of smart grid application such as meter reading and real-time pricing.

Performance evaluation of three parent selection for RPL in smart grid network

One of the attacks in the RPL protocol is the Clone ID attack, that the attacker clones the node’s ID in the network. In this research, a Clone ID detection system is designed for the Internet of Things (IoT), implemented in Contiki operating system, and evaluated using the Cooja emulator. Our evaluation shows that the proposed method has desirable performance in terms of energy consumption overhead, true positive rate, and detection speed. The overhead cost of the proposed method is low enough that it can be deployed in limited-resource nodes. The proposed method in each node has two phases, which are the steps of gathering information and attack detection. In the proposed scheme, each node detects this type of attack using control packets received from its neighbors and their information such as IP, rank, Path ETX, and RSSI, as well as the use of a routing table. The design of this system will contribute to the security of the IoT network.

A Decentralized Method for Detecting Clone ID Attacks on the Internet of Things

Nowadays, many protocols have been designed to support smart grid system due to the massively of transferred data, reliability and the constrained of environment. RPL protocols have been designed to support with these constrains of networks: energy, memory, power and interconnection. To improve the performance, ETX and energy balance metrics must be use in RPL networks. In this paper, we propose Weight Ranking Mechanism of energy balancing routing metric algorithm which can prolong a better life-time as compared to the conventional RPL routing metric.

Buranin Khemapataphan

Papers

Weight ranking mechanism of energy balancing routing metric for RPL protocol in smart grid communications