Background 
With the advent of second-generation sequencing, the expression of gene transcripts can be digitally measured with high accuracy. The purpose of this study was to systematically profile the expression of both mRNA and miRNA genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) using massively parallel sequencing technology.
Methodology 
The expression of mRNAs and miRNAs were analyzed in tumor tissues and matched normal adjacent tissues obtained from 10 ccRCC patients without distant metastases. In a prevalence screen, some of the most interesting results were validated in a large cohort of ccRCC patients.
Principal Findings 
A total of 404 miRNAs and 9,799 mRNAs were detected to be differentially expressed in the 10 ccRCC patients. We also identified 56 novel miRNA candidates in at least two samples. In addition to confirming that canonical cancer genes and miRNAs (including VEGFA, DUSP9 and ERBB4; miR-210, miR-184 and miR-206) play pivotal roles in ccRCC development, promising novel candidates (such as PNCK and miR-122) without previous annotation in ccRCC carcinogenesis were also discovered in this study. Pathways controlling cell fates (e.g., cell cycle and apoptosis pathways) and cell communication (e.g., focal adhesion and ECM-receptor interaction) were found to be significantly more likely to be disrupted in ccRCC. Additionally, the results of the prevalence screen revealed that the expression of a miRNA gene cluster located on Xq27.3 was consistently downregulated in at least 76.7% of ~50 ccRCC patients.
Conclusions 
Our study provided a two-dimensional map of the mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of ccRCC using deep sequencing technology. Our results indicate that the phenotypic status of ccRCC is characterized by a loss of normal renal function, downregulation of metabolic genes, and upregulation of many signal transduction genes in key pathways. Furthermore, it can be concluded that downregulation of miRNA genes clustered on Xq27.3 is associated with ccRCC.

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Integrated Profiling of MicroRNAs and mRNAs: MicroRNAs Located on Xq27.3 Associate with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

The second edition of the World Health Organization's Histological Classification of Salivary Gland Tumors is more extensive and detailed than the previous edition published 20 years ago. The new edition is based on data regarding newly described tumor entities and the behavior and prognosis of the previously classified tumors. The distinct morphologic features of monomorphic adenomas justify their separation for purposes of identification. Among the carcinomas, various types were distinguished for purposes of recognition, prognosis, and treatment. The term tumor was replaced by carcinoma in the following two entities: acinic cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The tumor-like lesions were described in more detail.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1097-0142%2819920715%2970%3A2%3C379%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820700202%3E3.0.CO%3B2-C

The World Health Organization's Histological Classification of Salivary Gland Tumors. A commentary on the second edition.

Objective To analyze the factors in parotid malignant epithelial tumors influencing recurrences and disease-specific survival. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the files of 150 patients treated at our institution, from 1974 to 1998. Twenty-four patients were not treated by surgery and were excluded from this study. The remaining 126 patients were treated with surgery and 74 patients had postoperative radiotherapy. Thirty-three patients were treated with parotidectomy plus neck dissection. Neck lymph node metastasis was found in 22 patients, 5 patients had occult neck metastasis, and 4 periparotid lymph nodes metastasis. The mean age was 49 years old. According to the UICC/1997 TNM Classification, 49 patients were stage I, 27 stage II, 22 stage III, and 28 stage IV. The influence of selected factors on the 10 year disease-specific survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier actuarial method and the log-rank test. Results Forty patients had mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 18 patients adenocarcinoma NOS, 18 patients acinic cell carcinoma, 15 patients adenoid cystic carcinoma, 11 patients malignant mixed tumor, 11 patients salivary duct carcinoma, and 13 patients other pathology. Twenty-five patients had recurrences: 17 had local recurrences, 4 patients had neck recurrences, and 4 were loco-regional recurrences. Five factors influenced negatively the prognosis: 1) T stage (p.00001), 2) grade (p.00001), 3) + lymph nodes (p.0007), 4) facial nerve dysfunction (p.0001), and 5) age (p.004). Patients with high-grade tumors and high-stage tumors had the worst prognosis according to the multivariate analysis. The 10-year disease-specific survival was 97% for stage I, 81% for stage II, 56% for stage III, and 20% for stage IV. Conclusion The grade of the tumor and stage were the most important prognostic factor. EBM rating C.

Clinical prognostic factors in malignant parotid gland tumors.

Breast glands and salivary glands are tubulo-acinar exocrine glands that can manifest as tumours with similar morphological features, but that differ in incidence and clinical behaviour depending on whether they are primary in breast or salivary glands. Salivary gland-like tumours of the breast are of two types: tumours with myoepithelial differentiation and those devoid of myoepithelial differentiation. The first and more numerous group comprises a spectrum of lesions ranging from "bona fide" benign (such as benign myoepithelioma and pleomorphic adenoma), to low grade malignant (such as adenoid cystic carcinoma, low grade adenosquamous carcinoma, and adenomyoepithelioma), to high grade malignant lesions (malignant myoepithelioma). The second group comprises lesions that have only recently been recognised, such as acinic cell carcinoma, oncocytic carcinoma of the breast, and the rare mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/56/7/497.full.pdf

Salivary gland-like tumours of the breast: surgical and molecular pathology.

Background. There is controversy concerning the utility of fine-needle aspiration in diagnosing parotid masses. Even studies on large series of patients have compared aspiration findings with the histology in much fewer cases.



Methods. Preoperative fine-needle aspiration findings were compared with the histopathologic diagnoses from surgically resected specimens in 246 patients presenting with and treated for parotid mass from 1980–1990.



Results. Of 173 benign tumors, 159 (91.9%) were diagnosed correctly and 110 of 144 (> 60%) were typed. Of 36 malignant tumors, malignancy was recognized in 22 cases (61.1%). There were nine false-negatives, and in five cases, the specimen was unsatisfactory. The four cases of metastatic disease were correctly typed. Only two of seven lymphomas (28.6%) were identified. The cytologic and histologic diagnoses were concordant in all cases of nonneoplastic disease. Overall accuracy was 87%.



Conclusions. Fine-needle aspiration speeds up the diagnostic process and, with close cooperation between clinician and pathologist, the technique is a valuable adjunct to preoperative assessment in patients with parotid masses.

/pdf/fine-needle-aspiration-of-parotid-masses-5f5a9p2d7e.pdf

Fine-needle aspiration of parotid masses

The principles of the proposed modified WHO Histological Typing of Salivary Gland Tumours are based on the following: 1) The classification of tumours is oriented to the routine work of the practicing surgical pathologists, those who do not see tumours of the salivary glands very often. The inclusion of rare, but clearly defined tumour entities should be helpful to surgical pathologists consulting with clinical specialists. 2) The different types of carcinomas must be distinguished not only by precise histopathological definitions, but also considering differences in prognosis and treatment. For example, the polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and the epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma are characterized by a relatively good prognosis in contrast to the salivary duct carcinoma. 3) Special points of discussion are: subclassification and grading of carcinomas (e.g. acinic cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma), the classification of basal cell tumours (basal cell adenoma, basal cell carcinoma, solid type of adenoid cystic carcinoma), malignant tumours in pleomorphic adenomas and the differential diagnosis between primary tumours and metastases.

C. Brocheriou

Papers

WHO International Histological Classification of Tumours. Tentative Histological Classification of Salivary Gland Tumours.