Internet of Things (IoT) has grown increasingly in the past decade. This growth brings up several challenging issues for a successful continuous operation of IoT applications. Some of these challenges that need to be taken care of are resource constraints, central server overload, and the risk of illegal use of private data. On the other side, Blockchain technology is increasingly popular and has gained huge success in cryptocurrencies. It offers numerous vital qualities such as a technique for consensus, peer communications, confidence-building without a trustworthy third party, and a transaction controlled by conditions and functions using the intelligent contract technique. Blockchain is an excellent candidate to establish a decentralized, autonomous IoT system addressing the above issues. This study proposes an IoT-Blockchain integration architecture using an Ethereum Blockchain infrastructure within a rich-thin client IoT approach to address the challenges created by the limited IoT resources while implementing the Blockchain mining technique in IoT systems. The architecture depends on load distribution between the resources. Limited resource devices are the thin-clients, while the higher resource devices are assigned as rich-clients. Both clients can access the blockchain and collect the data, but rich-client can only execute the mining process. In addition, we implement a healthcare system based on the proposed architecture in which surgical process management is carried out. We also prove our solution’s efficiency by testing and comparing the architecture against other well-known IoT-based blockchain architectures. The obtained results show that proposed blockchain-IoT architecture is suited for many IoT applications while avoiding difficulties created by IoT devices’ limitations. 

/pdf/novel-and-secure-blockchain-framework-for-health-13qps0ab.pdf

Novel and Secure Blockchain Framework for Health Applications in IoT

With the dynamic growth of smart devices and connectivity with vehicles, researchers are getting growing interest due to variety of enormous application scenarios. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) comprises of huge number of vehicles and roadside units that communicate with each other in several realtime scenarios and internet application services. Security in VANET is more crucial, because of different network layers and trusting on unknown intermediate vehicles. There is critical demand of efficient trust management for VANETs, because it prevents fabricated information directed by suspicious nodes connected to the network. A number of factors including lack of infrastructure, autonomous modules, auto-pilot support and dynamic topology due to mobility can result in hardening the reliable trust management solutions. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of trust management schemes for routing protocols. This survey specifically elaborates Trust management approaches applicable for secure release of information for real time application services. Moreover, these schemes are analyzed and presented in a tabular form to highlight the concept, methodology, algorithm, QoS and performance capabilities. It can help the researcher in this field to quickly identify the weak and strong features of schemes. We have also provided categorical discussion for comparative overview. As a finals task, we have identified open research challenges.

Trust Management Schemes for Secure Routing in VANETs — A Survey

The growing global demand for food and the environmental impact caused by agriculture have made this activity increasingly dependent on electronics, information technology, and telecommunications technologies. In Colombia, agriculture is of great importance not only as a commercial activity, but also as a source of food and employment. However, the concept of smart agriculture has not been widely applied in this country, resulting in the high production of various types of crops due to the planting of large areas of land, rather than optimization of the processes involved in the activity. Due to its technical characteristics and the radio spectrum considered in its deployment, 5G can be seen as one of the technologies that could generate the greatest benefits for the Colombian agricultural sector, especially in the most remote rural areas, which currently lack mobile network coverage. This article provides an overview of the current 5G technology landscape in Colombia and presents examples of possible 5G/IoT applications that could be developed in Colombian fields. The results show that 5G could facilitate the implementation of the smart farm in Colombia, improving current production and efficiency. It is useful when designing 5G implementation plans and strategies, since it categorizes crops by regions and products. This is based on budget availability, population density, and regional development plans, among others.

/pdf/precision-agriculture-and-sensor-systems-applications-in-1v45kduy.pdf

Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Applications in Colombia through 5G Networks

Internet of Things (IoT) has grown increasingly in the past decade. This growth brings up several challenging issues for a successful continuous operation of IoT applications. Some of these challenges that need to be taken care of are resource constraints, central server overload, and the risk of illegal use of private data. On the other side, Blockchain technology is increasingly popular and has gained huge success in cryptocurrencies. It offers numerous vital qualities such as a technique for consensus, peer communications, confidence-building without a trustworthy third party, and a transaction controlled by conditions and functions using the intelligent contract technique. Blockchain is an excellent candidate to establish a decentralized, autonomous IoT system addressing the above issues. This study proposes an IoT-Blockchain integration architecture using an Ethereum Blockchain infrastructure within a rich-thin client IoT approach to address the challenges created by the limited IoT resources while implementing the Blockchain mining technique in IoT systems. The architecture depends on load distribution between the resources. Limited resource devices are the thin-clients, while the higher resource devices are assigned as rich-clients. Both clients can access the blockchain and collect the data, but rich-client only can execute the mining process. In addition, we implement a healthcare system based on our architecture in which surgical process management is carried out. We also prove our solution’s efficiency by testing and comparing the architecture with typical IoT-based blockchain architectures. We conclude that our blockchain-IoT architecture is suited for many IoT applications while avoiding difficulties created by IoT device limitations.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09698054.pdf

The cryptographic application for data security by using the Diffie-Hellman key exchange and the AES algorithm was to secure data when sending, the first sender of the recipient exchanges the key or generated the key for the encrypted file by using the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, after obtaining the key file would be encrypted by using AES algorithm for encryption and decryption file, sender would send file to receiver party through server first to save data, then recipient to decrypt file to read the file so that could be read back by receiver. In this assignment, the application that combined the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange with AES encryption algorithm. This application that first used Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange to achieve the goal of exchanging shared secret key. The results indicated that by using Diffie-Hellman with 1024 bit keys the security was equivalent to 3DES 2 key algorithm, if Diffie-Hellman with 2048 bit key then its security equal to 3DES 3 key, if Diffie-Hellman with 3072 bit key then equal security with AES-128 bits, if Diffie-Hellman with 7680 bit keys then the security was equivalent to AES-182 bits, and if Diffie-Hellman with 15360 bit keys then the security was equivalent to AES-256 bits.

Key Management Using Combination of Diffie–Hellman Key Exchange with AES Encryption

The blockchain concept relies on cryptography that links the blocks and each block holds the cryptographic hash of a previous block and timestamp along with data to be transferred. Blockchain is an emerging technology which has gained interest from various sources like energy industries, startups, financial institutions, supply firms, national and international governments, and so on. These sources are aiming, from different backgrounds such as voting, taxation and land registration, to identify blockchain, which has potential drives to bring substantial welfares and innovation. The blockchain helps people to keep data secure by allowing health record data to be moved whenever they need without any illegal activities like forgery, theft and malice. The chapter provides information on the latest digital payments. It focuses on the operative mechanism of Bitcoin, blockchain technology and describes the scope of this application. Bitcoins are transactions stored in encrypted form with certain conditions for financial transactions.

Optimized Digital Transformation in Government Services with Blockchain

Applications of Internet of Things for smart farming – A survey

In this paper we present a new AES encryption and decryption process for both plain text and key Expansion. This algorithm is widely accepted due to its strong encryption, complex processing and its resistance to Brute-force attack. The proposed modifications are implemented on the rounds of the algorithm and Hash Based key expansions are made. These modifications enhance the degree of complexity of the encryption and decryption process, thereby making it difficult for the attacker to predict a pattern in the algorithm.

/pdf/enhanced-aes-algorithm-for-strong-encryption-4cien9304w.pdf

Enhanced aes algorithm for strong encryption

A finite group of nodes placed in the network layer for inter process communication has to guarantee specified performance measures like high throughput, low jitter, avoid contention, etc. At present, the data security is taken care by the upper layer i.e. Transport (TCP/IP) to some extent and the network layer has to simply deliver the packets in an optimal manner. The security now offered by the TCP/IP layer is in the form of retransmission for the corrupt packet(s). If the channel conditions are not good, then repeated retransmission requests, can lower the throughput, increase the jitter and render the network less useful. Hence, to ensure uniform SNR in each of the link, it is necessary to place critical design issues intrinsically in the individual nodes. This includes, for example, that, each node can autonomously detect the modulation and demodulate among a group set, and thereby support dynamic/adaptive modulation capability. This can enable the node to alter the modulation to maintain a uniform SNR and reduce the outage probability. Additionally, the communication strategy need to look for the shortest path, identify the channel support in that path and choose the best modulation based on shortest path algorithm. In this context, in this paper, each node is provided with the capability to perform (a) Autonomous Modulation (to maintain uniform SNR) (b) Switch to the corresponding demodulator and get the packet (reduces contention) and (c) route the packets to the next intended node through the shortest path (reduces jitter). This process is recursively done at every node as and when they receive the data. The metrics studied include the network layer metrics, wireless channel related metrics, modulation based aspects etc.

/pdf/optimizing-network-layer-with-adaptive-modulation-for-time-3nn8u46vr3.pdf

Optimizing Network Layer with Adaptive Modulation for Time Varying Channel

Irrelevant search results for a given topic end up wasting search engine users' time. A learning focused web crawler downloads relevant URLs for a given topic using machine‐learning algorithms. The dynamic nature of the web is a challenge in related computation for focused web crawlers. Studies have shown that the learning focused crawler utilizes term frequency‐inverse document frequency (TF‐IDF) to compute the relevance between a web page and a given topic. The TF‐IDF detects similarity of the given topic to its co‐occurrence on the web page. The necessity of efficient mechanism to compute the relevance of URLs syntactically and semantically has led to the proposal of this paper with a word embedding approach to compute the relevance of the web page. The global vector representation cosine similarity is calculated between a topic and the web page contents. The calculated cosine similarity is provided as input to the trained random forest classifier to predict the relevancy of the web page. The evaluation results proved that the proposed crawler produced an average hrate of 0.41 and prate of 0.59, which outperformed other learning‐focused crawlers on support vector machines, Naive Bayes and artificial neural networks.

C. Navaneethan

Papers

Optimized Digital Transformation in Government Services with Blockchain

Applications of Internet of Things for smart farming – A survey

Enhanced aes algorithm for strong encryption

Optimizing Network Layer with Adaptive Modulation for Time Varying Channel

A supervised learning‐based approach for focused web crawling for IoMT using global co‐occurrence matrix