In this paper, an effective approach for the feature extraction of raw Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals by means of one-dimensional local binary pattern (1D-LBP) was presented. For the importance of making the right decision, the proposed method was performed to be able to get better features of the EEG signals. The proposed method was consisted of two stages: feature extraction by 1D-LBP and classification by classifier algorithms with features extracted. On the classification stage, the several machine learning methods were employed to uniform and non-uniform 1D-LBP features. The proposed method was also compared with other existing techniques in the literature to find out benchmark for an epileptic data set. The implementation results showed that the proposed technique could acquire high accuracy in classification of epileptic EEG signals. Also, the present paper is an attempt to develop a general-purpose feature extraction scheme, which can be utilized to extract features from different categories of EEG signals.

1D-Local Binary Pattern Based Feature Extraction for Classification of Epileptic EEG Signals, Applied Mathematics and Computation243 (2014): 209-219.

Multi-sensor information fusion based on machine learning for real applications in human activity recognition: State-of-the-art and research challenges

This article presents a machine learning methodology for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease (PD) based on the use of vertical Ground Reaction Forces (vGRFs) data collected from the gait cycle. A classification engine assigns subjects to healthy or Parkinsonian classes. The diagnosis process involves four steps: data pre-processing, feature extraction and selection, data classification and performance evaluation. The selected features are used as inputs of each classifier. Feature selection is achieved through a wrapper approach established using the random forest algorithm. The proposed methodology uses both supervised classification methods including K-nearest neighbour (K-NN), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), Naive Bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM) and unsupervised classification methods such as K-means and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM). To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, an online dataset collected within three different studies is used. This data set includes vGRF measurements collected from eight force sensors placed under each foot of the subjects. Ninety-three patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease and 72 healthy subjects participated in the experiments. The obtained performances are compared with respect to various metrics including accuracy, precision, recall and F-measure. The classification performance evaluation is performed using the leave-one-out cross validation. The results demonstrate the ability of the proposed methodology to accurately differentiate between PD subjects and healthy subjects. For the purpose of validation, the proposed methodology is also evaluated with an additional dataset including subjects with neurodegenerative diseases (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’s disease (HD)). The obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology to discriminate PD subjects from subjects with other neurodegenerative diseases with a relatively high accuracy.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/242/pdf

Data-Driven Based Approach to Aid Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis

Supervised machine learning based gait classification system for early detection and stage classification of Parkinson’s disease

Artificial intelligence in neurodegenerative diseases: A review of available tools with a focus on machine learning techniques.

Parkinson's disease monitoring from gait analysis via foot-worn sensors

Remote care and telemonitoring have become essential component of current geriatric medicine. Intelligent use of wireless sensors is a major issue in relevant computational studies to realize these concepts in practice. While there has been a growing interest in recognizing daily activities of patients through wearable sensors, the efforts towards utilizing the streaming data from these sensors for clinical practices are limited. Here, we present a practical application of clinical data mining from wearable sensors with a particular objective of diagnosing Parkinson’s Disease from gait analysis through a sets of ground reaction force (GRF) sensors worn under the foots. We introduce a supervised learning method based on Random Forests that analyze the multi-sensor data to classify the person wearing these sensors. We offer to extract a set of time-domain and frequency-domain features that would be effective in distinguishing normal and diseased people from their gait signals. The experimental results on a benchmark dataset have shown that proposed method can significantly outperform the previous methods reported in the literature.

A Random Forest Method to Detect Parkinson’s Disease via Gait Analysis

With the spread of wearable sensors, the solutions to the task of activity recognition by using the data obtained from the sensors have become widespread. Recognition of activities owing to wearable sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers, etc. has been studied in recent years. Although there are several applications in the literature, differently in this study, deep learning algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks, Convolutional LSTM, and 3D Convolutional Neural Networks fed by Convolutional LSTM have been used in human activity recognition task by feeding with data obtained from accelerometer sensor. For this purpose, a frame was formed with raw samples of the same activity which were collected consecutively from the accelerometer sensor. Thus, it is aimed to capture the pattern inherent in the activity and due to preserving the continuous structure of the movement.

Human Activity Recognition by Using Different Deep Learning Approaches for Wearable Sensors

Being aware of a personal context is a promising task for various applications, such as biometry, human-computer interactions, telemonitoring, remote care, mobile marketing and security. The task can be formally defined as the classification of a person being considered into one of predefined labels, which may correspond to his/her identity, gender, physical properties, the activity that he/she performs or any other attribute related to the environment being involved. Here, we offer a solution to the problem with a set of multiple motion sensors worn on the wrist. We first provide an annotated and publicly accessible benchmark set for context-awareness through wrist-worn sensors, namely, accelerometers, magnetometers and gyroscopes. Second, we present an evaluation of recent computational methods for two relevant tasks: activity recognition and person identification from hand movements. Finally, we show that fusion of two motion sensors (i.e., accelerometers and magnetometers), leads to higher accuracy for both tasks, compared with the individual use of each sensor type.

https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/3/3/24/pdf

HANDY: A Benchmark Dataset for Context-Awareness via Wrist-Worn Motion Sensors

Since 1990s, activity recognition effectual field in machine learning literature. Most of studies that relevant activity recognition, use feature extraction method to achieve higher classification performance. Moreover, these studies mostly use traditional machine learning algorithms for classification. In this paper, we focus on a deep (Long Short Term Memory) LSTM neural network for feature free classification of seven daily activities by using raw data that collected from three-dimensional accelerometer. Based on the results, the proposed deep LSTM approach can classify raw data with high performance. The results show that the proposed deep LSTM approach achieved 91.34, 96.91, 88.78, 87.58 as percent classification performance in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F-measure respectively.

Çağatay Berke Erdaş

Papers

Parkinson's disease monitoring from gait analysis via foot-worn sensors

A Random Forest Method to Detect Parkinson’s Disease via Gait Analysis

Human Activity Recognition by Using Different Deep Learning Approaches for Wearable Sensors

HANDY: A Benchmark Dataset for Context-Awareness via Wrist-Worn Motion Sensors

A Deep LSTM Approach for Activity Recognition