Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have transformed the consumer electronics (CE) sector and are beginning to power the electrification of the automotive sector. The unique requirements of the vehicle ap...

Opportunities and Challenges of Lithium Ion Batteries in Automotive Applications

Silicon has emerged as the next-generation anode material for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). It is currently of scientific and practical interest to encounter increasingly growing demands for high energy/power density electrochemical energy-storage devices for use in electric vehicles (xEVs), renewable energy sources, and smart grid/utility applications. Improvements to existing conventional LIBs are required to provide higher energy, longer cycle lives. This is attributed to its unparalleled theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g-1 for Li4.4 Si), which is approximately 10 times higher than that of a state-of-the-art graphitic anode (372 mAh g-1 for LiC6 ), with a suitable operating voltage, natural abundance, environmental benignity, nontoxicity, high safety, and so forth. However, despite the overwhelming beneficial features, the practical integration of LIBs containing a silicon anode beyond the commercial niche is hampered by unavoidable challenges, such as excessive volume changes during the (de-)alloying process, inherently low electrical and ionic conductivities, an unstable solid-electrolyte interphase, and electrolyte drying out. Among various extenuating strategies, non-electrode factors encompassing electrolyte additives and polymeric binders are regarded as the most economical, and effective approaches towards circumventing these disadvantages are in short supply. With the aim of providing an in-depth insight into rapidly growing accounts of electrolyte additives and binders for use with silicon anode-based LIBs, this Review assesses the current state of the art of research and thereby examines opportunities to open up new avenues for the practical realization of these silicon anode-based LIBs.

Confronting the Challenges of Next‐Generation Silicon Anode‐Based Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Role of Designer Electrolyte Additives and Polymeric Binders

http://ma.ecsdl.org/content/MA2011-02/17/1343.full.pdf

Stress Mitigation during the Lithiation of Patterned Amorphous Si Islands for Li-Ion Batteries

Electric vehicles (EVs) are experiencing a rise in popularity over the past few years as the technology has matured and costs have declined, and support for clean transportation has promoted awareness, increased charging opportunities, and facilitated EV adoption. Suitably, a vast body of literature has been produced exploring various facets of EVs and their role in transportation and energy systems. This paper provides a timely and comprehensive review of scientific studies looking at various aspects of EVs, including: (a) an overview of the status of the light-duty-EV market and current projections for future adoption; (b) insights on market opportunities beyond light-duty EVs; (c) a review of cost and performance evolution for batteries, power electronics, and electric machines that are key components of EV success; (d) charging-infrastructure status with a focus on modeling and studies that are used to project charging-infrastructure requirements and the economics of public charging; (e) an overview of the impact of EV charging on power systems at multiple scales, ranging from bulk power systems to distribution networks; (f) insights into life-cycle cost and emissions studies focusing on EVs; and (g) future expectations and synergies between EVs and other emerging trends and technologies. The goal of this paper is to provide readers with a snapshot of the current state of the art and help navigate this vast literature by comparing studies critically and comprehensively and synthesizing general insights. This detailed review paints a positive picture for the future of EVs for on-road transportation, and the authors remain hopeful that remaining technology, regulatory, societal, behavioral, and business-model barriers can be addressed over time to support a transition toward cleaner, more efficient, and affordable transportation solutions for all.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2516-1083/abe0ad/pdf

The rise of electric vehicles—2020 status and future expectations

Status and challenges facing representative anode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries

Pure silicon thin-film anodes for lithium-ion batteries: a review

Doped and reactive silicon thin film anodes for lithium ion batteries: A review

Silicon has been considered a good candidate for replacing the commonly used carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high specific capacity, which can be up to 11 times higher than that of carbon. However, the desirable advantage that silicon brings to battery performance is currently overshadowed by its stress-induced performance loss and high electronic resistivity. The induced stress arises from two sources, namely, the deposition process (i.e., residual stress) during fabrication and the volume expansion (i.e., mechanical stress) associated with the lithiation/delithiation process. Of the two, residual stress has largely been ignored, underestimated, or considered to have a negligible effect without any rigorous evidence being put forward. In this contribution, we produced silicon thin films having a wide range of residual stress and resistivity using a physical vapor deposition technique, magnetron sputtering. Three pairs of silicon thin-film anodes were utilized to study the effect of residual stress on the electrochemical and cyclability performance as anodes for LIBs. Each set consisted of a pair of films having essentially the same resistivity, density, thickness, and oxidation amount but distinctly different residual stresses. The comparison was evaluated by conducting charge/discharge cycling and cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments. In contrast to the fixed belief within the literature, higher compressive residual-stress films showed better electrochemical and cycle performance compared to lower residual-stress films. The results, herein, present an informed understanding of the role that residual stress plays, which will help researchers improve the development of silicon-based thin-film anodes.

Candice Francis

Papers

Pure silicon thin-film anodes for lithium-ion batteries: a review

Doped and reactive silicon thin film anodes for lithium ion batteries: A review

Compressively Stressed Silicon Nanoclusters as an Antifracture Mechanism for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.