THE purpose of this work, which the authors regard as a pioneer attempt, is the accomplishment in the field of masculinity and femininity of something similar to Binet's early achievement in the field of intelligence, inasmuch as they have endeavoured to apply psychometric methods in the form of a test to the study of sex temperaments. The test was originally devised by the senior author, Lewis M. Terman, in 1922 in the investigation of intellectually superior children, and has since been applied in the examination of a great variety of groups, including college students, office workers, athletes, delinquents, homosexuals and prostitutes, the ages ranging from early adolescence to extreme old age.Sex and Personality': Studies in Masculinity and Femininity. By Lewis M. Terman and Catherine Cox Miles., assisted by Jack W. Dunlap, Harold K. Edgerton, E. Lowell Kelly, Albert D. Kurtz, E. Alice McAnulty, Quinn McNemar, Maud A. Merrill, Floyd L. Ruch, Horace G. Wyatt. (McGraw-Hill Publications in Psychology.) Pp. xii + 600. (New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1936.) 25s.

Sex and personality

Objective This article, the second in the Journal' s series of 10-year updates on rating scales, summarizes scales assessing internalizing disorders. Method The authors sampled articles on mood and anxiety disorders over the past 25 years, selected scales with multiple citations over many years, and reviewed their properties. Those with adequate psychometric properties, plus continued wide literature citations or a current special niche, are presented here. Results Rating scales for depression were developed and/or examined in the 1980s. Despite generally strong properties, they lack clear construct validity. Most have parent-report forms that broaden their suitability with youths. Anxiety scales were developed bimodally. Those developed in the 1960s to 1970s were downward modifications of adult scales. They have been criticized for unclear constructs and unsuitability for youths. Newer scales developed in the 1990s have addressed these problems and have parent-report forms. However, their utility is still being determined. Conclusions Rating scales can reliably, validly, and efficiently measure youths' internalizing psychopathology. They have great utility in research, treatment planning, and accountability in practice. However, the user must define the goals of measurement, consider the construct the scale measures, and use the scale within its defined capabilities. The use of more than one scale for a task is recommended.

Ten-year review of rating scales. II: Scales for internalizing disorders.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in a variety of materials, including synthetic polymers and textiles. Although these chemicals have been detected in environmental samples and human tissues, there is little information about human exposure to PBDEs through the diet. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of PBDEs in a number of food samples acquired in Catalonia (Spain) during 2000. The dietary intake of PBDEs was estimated for the general population living in this Spanish region. The highest PBDE concentrations were found in oils and fats, fish and shellfish, meat and meat products, and eggs, while the lowest levels corresponded to fruits, vegetables, and tubers. The dietary intake of PBDEs for an adult male was 97.3 ng/day (assuming not detected (ND) = (1)/(2) limit of detection (LOD)) or 81.9 ng/day (assuming ND = 0) The greatest contribution to these values corresponded to fish and shellfish, with approximately one-third of the total intake. TetraBDEs and pentaBDEs were the homologues showing the highest percentages of contribution to the sum of total PBDEs. The comparison of the current dietary intake with the suggested lowest observed adverse effect level value of 1 mg/kg/day for the most sensitive endpoints for toxic effects of PBDEs results in a safety factor over 5 orders of magnitude in relation to PBDE exposure from food.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs: human exposure through the diet.

Pubertal timing, sexual behaviour and self-reported depression in middle adolescence

http://eportfolio.lib.ksu.edu.tw/user/T/0/T093000204/repository/Polycyclic%20aromatic%20hydrocarbons%20(PAH)%20in%20foods%20and%20estimated%20PAH%20intake%20by%20the%20population%20of%20Catalonia,%20Spain.pdf

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in foods and estimated PAH intake by the population of Catalonia, Spain: Temporal trend.

Depression characteristics were investigated in 507 adolescents using a two-stage longitudinal study design The three-year longitudinal study started when the girls and boys were 11 and 12 years, respectively In the initial (screening) phase the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was used to select subjects for phase-II of the study in which the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) interview was used The caseness definition of Major Depression (MD) and Dysthymia (D) was based on the DSM-III-R criteria Pubertal development was assessed by Tanner's staging Estimated prevalence of Major Depression in the female sample for each increasing year of age was 22%, 27% and 41% In the male sample the prevalence for the three years was 09%, 03% and 06% There was no relation to age The estimated mean prevalence of Dysthymia was 14% in girls and 08% in boys No association between pubertal development and depression was found Longitudinal data support the notion of chronic depression in early adolescence

A longitudinal study of depression in an urban spanish pubertal population

This study prospectively examined predicting factors and depressive antecedents of depression in early adulthood and determined differences by sex. 199 adolescents aged 11–12 from the general community were followed up annually for 4 years and reassessed at 18 years of age. Sociodemographic data, depressive symptomatology, anxiety level, personality dimensions, self-esteem, academic aptitude and pubertal development were reported throughout this period and tested as possible risk variables of depression. At 18, depression was diagnosed using ICD-10 criteria. Of the cases of major depression (MDD) at eighteen, 30 % had been diagnosed as MDD between 12 and 14 years of age. Of the cases of MDD at eighteen, 80 % had had depressive symptomatology between the ages of 11 and 14. Subclinical scores in the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) were early indicators of long-term risk. Gender differences were found in the risk pattern; depressive symptoms were more significant in girls than in boys. In boys, early anxious symptomatology was a significant predictor. This study reports cross-cultural data that support a continuity of depression from adolescence to young adulthood.

Predictors of depression at eighteen. A 7-year follow-up study in a Spanish nonclinical population.

The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a psychological and somatic pattern for adolescents with eating symptomatology. The Eating Attitudes Test (Garner & Garfinkel, 1979) and other psychological instruments to evaluate self-esteem (SEI, Battle, 1981), personality (EPQ-J, Eysenck & Eysenck, 1984), school abilities (AAT, Thurstone & Thurstone, 1986), anxiety (STAIC, Spielberger, 1973) and symptoms of depression (CDI, Kovacs, 1983) were used in a sample of 515 adolescents between 13 and 14 years of age. Prevalence of risky eating attitudes was 12.4% for the girls and 8.3% for the boys. In general, a low level of self-esteem and a high level of anxiety were the most important predictors of eating symtomatology, but there were differences between genders. Girls with eating symptomatology exhibited a profile with more psychopathological traits. Heavy and corpulent subjects, boys or girls, form a group with a high risk of eating disorder. This suggests that the conjunction of psychological and somatic factors at the beginning of adolescence can be a useful marker for early intervention.

Biopsychopathologic Risk Profile of Adolescents with Eating Disorder Symptoms.

Personality changes during adolescence: the role of gender and pubertal development

Fundamento Conocer la evolucion de la ingestion alimentaria y nutricional entre 1983 y 1999, segun edad y sexo. Sujetos y metodos Se han realizado analisis repetidos de la ingestion alimentaria mediante el metodo de recuerdo de 24 h, en una poblacion representativa de la ciudad de Reus (10-69 anos, ambas edades incluidas). En 1999 la muestra estudiada fue de 839 individuos, de los que un 41% participa desde 1983. Los valores se presentan como media (desviacion estandar). Resultados La ingestion energetica en 1999 fue de 2.524 (582) kcal en los varones de 35-44 anos (n = 57) y de 1.827 (490) kcal en las mujeres (n = 95) de la misma edad (p Conclusiones La poblacion de Reus mantiene un aporte energetico sin cambios significativos, y presenta una tendencia a la uniformizacion del porcentaje de energia aportado por los macro-nutrientes entre edades y sexos, aunque se produzcan cambios significativos de la dieta.

Consumo, hábitos alimentarios y estado nutricional de la población de Reus (X): evolución de la ingestión alimentaria y de la contribución de los macronutrientes al aporte energético (1983–1999), según edad y sexo

Carles Martí-Henneberg

Papers

A longitudinal study of depression in an urban spanish pubertal population

Predictors of depression at eighteen. A 7-year follow-up study in a Spanish nonclinical population.

Biopsychopathologic Risk Profile of Adolescents with Eating Disorder Symptoms.

Personality changes during adolescence: the role of gender and pubertal development

Consumo, hábitos alimentarios y estado nutricional de la población de Reus (X): evolución de la ingestión alimentaria y de la contribución de los macronutrientes al aporte energético (1983–1999), según edad y sexo