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Modern Applied Statistics With S

https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_231442_EN_INT17_easl-recommendations-on-treatment-of-hepatitis-C.pdf

EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C

Review of recent research on hepatitis C therapy for 54th annual meeting of the American association for the study of liver diseases

Echinococcosis in humans is a zoonotic infection caused by larval stages (metacestodes) of cestode species of the genus Echinococcus. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by Echinococcus granulosus, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by E. multilocularis, and polycystic forms are caused by either E. vogeli or E. oligarthrus. In untreated cases, AE has a high mortality rate. Although control is essentially feasible, CE remains a considerable health problem in many regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. AE is restricted to the northern hemisphere regions of North America and Eurasia. Recent studies have shown that E. multilocularis, the causative agent of AE, is more widely distributed than previously thought. There are also some hints of an increasing significance of polycystic forms of the disease, which are restricted to Central and South America. Various aspects of human echinococcosis are discussed in this review, including data on the infectivity of genetic variants of E. granulosus to humans, the increasing invasion of cities in Europe and Japan by red foxes, the main definitive hosts of E. multilocularis, and the first demonstration of urban cycles of the parasite. Examples of emergence or reemergence of CE are presented, and the question of potential spreading of E. multilocularis is critically assessed. Furthermore, information is presented on new and improved tools for diagnosing the infection in final hosts (dogs, foxes, and cats) by coproantigen or DNA detection and the application of molecular techniques to epidemiological studies. In the clinical field, the available methods for diagnosing human CE and AE are described and the treatment options are summarized. The development of new chemotherapeutic options for all forms of human echinococcosis remains an urgent requirement. A new option for the control of E. granulosus in the intermediate host population (mainly sheep and cattle) is vaccination. Attempts are made to reduce the prevalence of E. multilocualaris in fox populations by regular baiting with an anthelmintic (praziquantel). Recent data have shown that this control option may be used in restricted areas, for example in cities, with the aim of reducing the infection risk for humans.

Biological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Aspects of Echinococcosis, a Zoonosis of Increasing Concern

https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(15)00259-7/pdf

EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis.

Ultrasound guided percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses in the hands of the clinician: a multicenter Italian study

Liver stiffness assessed by transient elastography in patients with β thalassaemia major.

/pdf/controversy-concerning-role-of-ultrasonographic-lipoatrophy-1negnhb7mz.pdf

Controversy concerning role of ultrasonographic lipoatrophy assessments in HIV patients.

Patients with AIDS present a wide variety of clinical manifestations through involvement of various organs. Ultrasonography (US) is easy to perform, safe, inexpensive, not invasive and repeatable. Those features are crucial for AIDS patients, who in industrialised countries are now mostly seen on an outpatient basis thanks to the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. US can investigate most of the organs affected in AIDS and can guide biopsies, allowing the cyto-histological and microbiological investigations needed for a definitive diagnosis. This paper reviews the wide variety of applications of abdominal US and stresses its importance in the management of a complex and changing condition, particularly in settings where other more expensive imaging techniques are not--and will not be for a long time--available. The increasing use of portable/hand-carried scanners further adds to the value of the technique in such settings. With new treatments, prevalence and morbidity/mortality rates change, but new conditions and new side effects appear. US applications to these new conditions are discussed as well.

Carlo Filice

Papers

Ultrasound guided percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses in the hands of the clinician: a multicenter Italian study

Liver stiffness assessed by transient elastography in patients with β thalassaemia major.

Controversy concerning role of ultrasonographic lipoatrophy assessments in HIV patients.

The current role of abdominal ultrasound in the clinical management of patients with AIDS.

16 performance of elastpq® shear wave elastography technique for assessing fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis