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Modern Applied Statistics With S

https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_231442_EN_INT17_easl-recommendations-on-treatment-of-hepatitis-C.pdf

EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C

Review of recent research on hepatitis C therapy for 54th annual meeting of the American association for the study of liver diseases

Echinococcosis in humans is a zoonotic infection caused by larval stages (metacestodes) of cestode species of the genus Echinococcus. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by Echinococcus granulosus, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by E. multilocularis, and polycystic forms are caused by either E. vogeli or E. oligarthrus. In untreated cases, AE has a high mortality rate. Although control is essentially feasible, CE remains a considerable health problem in many regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. AE is restricted to the northern hemisphere regions of North America and Eurasia. Recent studies have shown that E. multilocularis, the causative agent of AE, is more widely distributed than previously thought. There are also some hints of an increasing significance of polycystic forms of the disease, which are restricted to Central and South America. Various aspects of human echinococcosis are discussed in this review, including data on the infectivity of genetic variants of E. granulosus to humans, the increasing invasion of cities in Europe and Japan by red foxes, the main definitive hosts of E. multilocularis, and the first demonstration of urban cycles of the parasite. Examples of emergence or reemergence of CE are presented, and the question of potential spreading of E. multilocularis is critically assessed. Furthermore, information is presented on new and improved tools for diagnosing the infection in final hosts (dogs, foxes, and cats) by coproantigen or DNA detection and the application of molecular techniques to epidemiological studies. In the clinical field, the available methods for diagnosing human CE and AE are described and the treatment options are summarized. The development of new chemotherapeutic options for all forms of human echinococcosis remains an urgent requirement. A new option for the control of E. granulosus in the intermediate host population (mainly sheep and cattle) is vaccination. Attempts are made to reduce the prevalence of E. multilocualaris in fox populations by regular baiting with an anthelmintic (praziquantel). Recent data have shown that this control option may be used in restricted areas, for example in cities, with the aim of reducing the infection risk for humans.

Biological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Aspects of Echinococcosis, a Zoonosis of Increasing Concern

https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(15)00259-7/pdf

EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis.

Impact of hepatic steatosis and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) on accuracy of fibrosis staging using transient elastography

Purpose This study’s primary aim was to assess factors affecting ultrasound attenuation coefficient (AC) measurement repeatability using the Canon ultrasound (US) system. The secondary aim was to evaluate whether similar results were obtained with other vendors’ AC algorithms. Methods This prospective study was performed at two centers from February to November 2022. AC was obtained using two US systems (Aplio i800 of Canon Medical Systems and Arietta 850 of Fujifilm). An algorithm combining AC and the backscatter coefficient was also used (Sequoia US System, Siemens Healthineers). To evaluate inter-observer concordance, AC was obtained by two expert operators using different transducer positions with regions of interest (ROIs) varying in terms of depth and size. Intra-observer concordance was evaluated on measurements performed intercostally, subcostally, and in the left liver lobe. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient was used. Results Thirty-four participants (mean age, 49.4±15.1 years; 18 females) were studied. AC values progressively decreased with depth. The measurements in intercostal spaces on bestquality US images using a 3-cm ROI with its upper edge 2 cm below the liver capsule during breath-hold showed the highest intra-observer and inter-observer concordance (0.92 [95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 0.95] and 0.89 [0.82 to 0.96], respectively). Measurements in the left lobe showed the lowest intra-observer and inter-observer concordance (0.67 [0.43 to 0.90] and 0.58 [0.12 to 1.00], respectively). Intercostal space measurements also had the highest repeatability for the other two ultrasound systems. Conclusion AC values obtained in intercostal spaces on best-quality images using a 3-cm ROI placed with its top 2 cm below the liver capsule were highly repeatable.

/pdf/toward-acquisition-protocol-standardization-for-estimating-1eq7351o.pdf

Toward acquisition protocol standardization for estimating liver fat content using ultrasound attenuation coefficient imaging

Human brucellosis commonly involves the liver and manifests as nonspecific or granulomatous hepatitis. Although the development of a brucellar hepatic abscess is rare, it can be difficult to accurately diagnose given that histopathologic analysis is often not diagnostic, and the bacterium is seldom isolated from pus cultures. Therefore, serologic tests and imaging play an important role in the diagnosis of a brucellar abscess. The characteristics of a brucellar abscess on conventional ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been reported previously. 1,2 However, to the best of our knowledge, the features of a brucellar hepatic abscess on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) have not been described previously.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic findings in brucellar hepatic abscess

Diagnostic yield of abscess drainage

In Italy, hydatid disease has a wide distribution throughout the country with the highest incidence in Sardinia [1].

Carlo Filice

Papers

Impact of hepatic steatosis and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) on accuracy of fibrosis staging using transient elastography

Toward acquisition protocol standardization for estimating liver fat content using ultrasound attenuation coefficient imaging

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic findings in brucellar hepatic abscess

Diagnostic yield of abscess drainage

A New Therapeutic Approach for Hydatid Liver Cysts: Percutaneous Drainage and Alcohol Injection under Sonographic Guidance