In this review, we highlight the use of organic photoredox catalysts in a myriad of synthetic transformations with a range of applications. This overview is arranged by catalyst class where the photophysics and electrochemical characteristics of each is discussed to underscore the differences and advantages to each type of single electron redox agent. We highlight both net reductive and oxidative as well as redox neutral transformations that can be accomplished using purely organic photoredox-active catalysts. An overview of the basic photophysics and electron transfer theory is presented in order to provide a comprehensive guide for employing this class of catalysts in photoredox manifolds.

Organic Photoredox Catalysis

Green Chemistry is a relatively new emerging field that strives to work at the molecular level to achieve sustainability. The field has received widespread interest in the past decade due to its ability to harness chemical innovation to meet environmental and economic goals simultaneously. Green Chemistry has a framework of a cohesive set of Twelve Principles, which have been systematically surveyed in this critical review. This article covers the concepts of design and the scientific philosophy of Green Chemistry with a set of illustrative examples. Future trends in Green Chemistry are discussed with the challenge of using the Principles as a cohesive design system (93 references).

Green Chemistry: Principles and Practice

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics A Textbook of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics for Physicians and Medical Students. By Prof. Louis Goodman and Prof. Alfred Gilman. Pp. xiii + 1383. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1941.) 50s. net.

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Late Transition Metal Catalysis

Homochiral Metal–Organic Frameworks for Asymmetric Heterogeneous Catalysis

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as a building block platform: Biological properties, synthesis and synthetic applications

Rhodamine dyes are widely used as fluorescent probes owing to their high absorption coefficient and broad fluorescence in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum, high fluorescence quantum yield and photostability. A great interest in the development of new synthetic procedures for preparation of Rhodamine derivatives has arisen in recent years because for most applications the probe must be covalently linked to another (bio)molecule or surface. In this critical review the strategies for modification of Rhodamine dyes and a discussion on the variety of applications of these new derivatives as fluorescent probes are given (108 references).

Synthesis and applications of Rhodamine derivatives as fluorescent probes

A new series [CnOm mim][X] of imidazolium cation-based room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), with ether and alcohol functional groups on the alkyl side-chain has been prepared. Some physical properties of these RTILs were measured, namely solubility in common solvents, viscosity and density. The solubility of LiCl, HgCl2 and LaCl3 in room temperature ionic liquids was also determined. The features of the solid–liquid phase transition were analysed, namely the glass transition temperature and the heat capacity jump associated with the transition from the non-equilibrium glass to the metastable supercooled liquid. These properties were compared with those reported for the 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium [Cn mim][X] series. While the density and solid–liquid phase transition properties are similar for both series, the new RTILs present a considerably lower viscosity and an increased ability to dissolve HgCl2 and LaCl3 (up to 16 times higher).

Carlos A. M. Afonso

Papers

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as a building block platform: Biological properties, synthesis and synthetic applications

Synthesis and applications of Rhodamine derivatives as fluorescent probes

Preparation and characterization of new room temperature ionic liquids.

Deep desulfurization of diesel fuel using ionic liquids: current status and future challenges

Dioxins sources and current remediation technologies — A review