Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

A detailed review of the education sector in Australia as in the data provided by the 2006 edition of the OECD's annual publication, 'Education at a Glance' is presented. While the data has shown that in almost all OECD countries educational attainment levels are on the rise, with countries showing impressive gains in university qualifications, it also reveals that a large of share of young people still do not complete secondary school, which remains a baseline for successful entry into the labour market.

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Education at a Glance

Because two decades have almost passed since the introduction of activity-based models of travel demand, this seems the right time to evaluate progress made in the development and application of these models. This invited paper seeks to discuss the initial promises of activity-based models as an alternative to four-step and tour-based models, summarize progress made and identify still unsolved issues that require further research.

Activity-based models of travel demand : promises, progress and prospects

This review examines disparities in access to urban green space (UGS) based on socioeconomic status (SES) and race-ethnicity in Global South cities. It was motivated by documented human health and ecosystem services benefits of UGS in Global South countries and UGS planning barriers in rapidly urbanizing cities. Additionally, another review of Global North UGS studies uncovered that high-SES and White people have access to a higher quantity of higher quality UGSs than low-SES and racial-ethnic minority people but that no clear differences exist regarding who lives closer to UGS. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to uncover (1) whether UGS inequities in Global North cities are evident in Global South cities and (2) whether inequities in the Global South vary between continents. Through the PRISMA approach and five inclusion criteria, we identified 46 peer-reviewed articles that measured SES or racial-ethnic disparities in access to UGS in Global South cities. We found inequities for UGS quantity (high-SES people are advantaged in 85% of cases) and UGS proximity (74% of cases). Inequities were less consistent for UGS quality (65% of cases). We also found that UGS inequities were consistent across African, Asian, and Latin American cities. These findings suggest that Global South cities experience similar inequities in UGS quantity and quality as Global North cities, but that the former also face inequities in UGS proximity.

Access to Urban Green Space in Cities of the Global South: A Systematic Literature Review

This paper provides a critical review of the progress in understanding the linkages between transport disadvantage and social exclusion. It follows earlier work in proposing social capital as a concept that mediates those linkages but argues that transport researchers must not confine themselves to conceptualisations of social capital as predominantly benign and capable of reducing transport disadvantage and social exclusion. A range of hypothetical pathways is discussed, highlighting the Janus-faced character of social capital as a medium for both the effectuation of progressive social change and the perpetuation and creation of social inequalities. An analysis is provided of the extent to which the recent transport-related literature supports or rejects the hypothesised pathways, and key avenues for future research are identified.

/pdf/rethinking-the-links-between-social-exclusion-and-transport-1lj7ex6czb.pdf

Rethinking the links between social exclusion and transport disadvantage through the lens of social capital

Urbanization and urban sprawl in Latin America has led to the social and environmental challenges such as loss and fragmentation of wetland areas, negatively impacting their ecological and social benefits and biodiversity. Urban wetlands are ecosystems that are essential to Latin American cities and are recognized for both their protection against flooding and use as recreational spaces. Additionally, accessibility to urban wetlands can also increase urban residents' well-being. This study analyzes the city model of an urban wetland in the Greater Concepción area (Chile, South America), an area that has recently experienced urban sprawl. First, it identifies the urban fabric and modelling the urban variables of density, distance, roads, and green areas surrounding an inland wetland. Second, it evaluates the accessibility to the wetland and its effect on plant composition using a biodiversity indicator (% native and introduced plants). Literature and social enviroment movements has been showing the Concepción city is growing with no regard for its urban wetland, and its biodiversity is not considered in urban planning. Still, urban wetland remains does have potential benefits for people, species, and possible recreational opportunities. The study contributes to the discussion of the unsustainable spatial model of urbanization interacts with wetland accessibility and with disturbance to biodiversity; the results represent input for urban planning in order to restoring an integrated wetland within cities and improve accessibility by including natural urban wetlands as green infrastructure. 

Accessibility disturbances to the biodiversity of urban wetlands due to built environment

Esta investigacion presenta una serie de indicadores alusivos a la exclusion social y su relacion con el sistema de transporte, con el objetivo de conocer patrones espaciales de movilidad en una tipica ciudad intermedia Chilena. Los indices fueron desarrollados con informacion base de la Encuesta de Origen - Destino (EOD, 2004) de la ciudad de Los Angeles en la region del Bio Bio, Chile. Se propone una clasificacion de los indicadores por el esquema de ciudad propuesto por Manheim en 1979, referido al Sistema de Actividades (SA), el Sistema de Transporte (ST) y el Patron de Flujos (PF). Los resultados detallan distintos aspectos del sistema urbano y su relacion con el transporte, destacando una alta concentracion de las actividades en el centro de la ciudad, atrayendo una alta demanda de viajes de las zonas perifericas. El principal aporte de este trabajo consiste en establecer una metodologia que, a partir de datos convencionales, estudie la problematica de las interacciones entre transporte e individuos, desde una dimension social, espacial y cuantitativa.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4339787.pdf

Movilidad urbana e indicadores de exclusión social del sistema de transporte: evidencia en una ciudad intermedia chilena

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has strongly affected economies and human lifestyles globally. The changes observed in domestic energy consumption patterns have had an impact on household greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Since GHG emissions inventories are only available at the country level and at annual intervals, most studies have calculated the local emission variations by extrapolating annual emissions with smaller time and territorial scale consumption data. This research presents a bottom-up method, based on the exploitation of a survey addressed to 1200 households, that provides the information to calculate directly the variation in their energy-related GHG emissions, without the need for extrapolations. This method has been applied to four medium-sized Chilean cities with serious air quality problems. Given the high correlation between atmospheric pollutants such as NOx and CO2 emissions, we estimate that before the appearance of COVID-19, per capita CO2 emissions were already high. The results show that space heating-related GHG emissions have increased moderately (between 1 and 6%), while emissions from electricity and gas consumption for non-heating uses have increased significantly (between 8 and 23%). This has harmed the household economy, highlighting the importance of considering socioeconomic aspects when assessing the impact of COVID-19 in its entirety.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17583004.2022.2036243?needAccess=true

Trends in household energy-related GHG emissions during COVID-19 in four Chilean cities

The coastal evolution of the microtidal Tubul-Raqui wetland in south-central Chile (36° S), which historically has been affected by large earthquakes and tsunamis, particularly the 1960 (Mw = 9.5) and 2010 (Mw = 8.8) subduction earthquakes and their associated tsunamis, is analyzed. Historical aerial photographs and topographic and bathymetric surveys from the 1961–2017 period, as well as salinity, sediment, and flora data obtained following the 2010 earthquake were used for comparison with data from prior to the event. A steady state of the shoreline was established, with an average erosion rate of −0.016 m/year in the 1961–2017 period. However, erosion predominated in the period between these two large earthquakes (1961–2009), with an average rate of −0.386 m/year. The wetland dried up, partially recovered saline intrusion a year later, and recovered the salinity conditions it had before the earthquake two years later. The postearthquake effects on the floristic composition were not significant, with the species Spartina densiflora, which presented a high tolerance to these types of changes, predominating. Moreover, 75 percent of the taxa in pre- and postearthquake conditions coincided, with the halophyte species Spartina densiflora, Sarcocornia fructicosa, and Cotula coronopifolia predominating, while the best-conserved community was Spartina-Sarcocornia association located in the saltmarsh. Seven years after the earthquake, the shoreline presented an accretion rate of 2.935 m/year; if the current tectonic conditions prevail, an erosive trend can be expected in the coming decades. The morphological variability and the changes associated with the shoreline in this wetland are strongly controlled by tectonic factors. Criteria aimed at integrated coastal management to promote its occupancy and use in accordance with its evolutionary dynamics are proposed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/11/1467/pdf

Coastal Evolution in a Wetland Affected by Large Tsunamigenic Earthquakes in South-Central Chile: Criteria for Integrated Coastal Management

Accessibility represents a key element in strengthening developed regions in terms of investment in transportation infrastructure. Accessibility is also an equity indicator to measure the ease with which a specific location achieves desired outcomes as well as the spillover effect; traditionally, these effects have been analyzed with econometric and engineering techniques, rather than from the perspective of geographical studies. The purpose of this research is to measure the spillover effects and the territorial cohesion of Infrastructure Regional Planning (PRI) for the Latin American metropolitan area of Concepcion (MAC), Chile. To meet this purpose, locational and network efficiency indicators of spatial accessibility were calculated using network analysis in GIS. The results showed that the improvements differ according to the accessibility indicator employed; however, they generally showed benefits in consolidated urban centers and corridors near investment and industrial areas. In contrast, more distant and rural areas presented limited and irregular benefits.

Carolina Rojas

Papers

Accessibility disturbances to the biodiversity of urban wetlands due to built environment

Movilidad urbana e indicadores de exclusión social del sistema de transporte: evidencia en una ciudad intermedia chilena

Trends in household energy-related GHG emissions during COVID-19 in four Chilean cities

Coastal Evolution in a Wetland Affected by Large Tsunamigenic Earthquakes in South-Central Chile: Criteria for Integrated Coastal Management

Accessibility Indicators for the Geographical Assessment of Transport Planning in a Latin American Metropolitan Area