Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

A detailed review of the education sector in Australia as in the data provided by the 2006 edition of the OECD's annual publication, 'Education at a Glance' is presented. While the data has shown that in almost all OECD countries educational attainment levels are on the rise, with countries showing impressive gains in university qualifications, it also reveals that a large of share of young people still do not complete secondary school, which remains a baseline for successful entry into the labour market.

/pdf/education-at-a-glance-m5vl7o68j5.pdf

Education at a Glance

Because two decades have almost passed since the introduction of activity-based models of travel demand, this seems the right time to evaluate progress made in the development and application of these models. This invited paper seeks to discuss the initial promises of activity-based models as an alternative to four-step and tour-based models, summarize progress made and identify still unsolved issues that require further research.

Activity-based models of travel demand : promises, progress and prospects

This review examines disparities in access to urban green space (UGS) based on socioeconomic status (SES) and race-ethnicity in Global South cities. It was motivated by documented human health and ecosystem services benefits of UGS in Global South countries and UGS planning barriers in rapidly urbanizing cities. Additionally, another review of Global North UGS studies uncovered that high-SES and White people have access to a higher quantity of higher quality UGSs than low-SES and racial-ethnic minority people but that no clear differences exist regarding who lives closer to UGS. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to uncover (1) whether UGS inequities in Global North cities are evident in Global South cities and (2) whether inequities in the Global South vary between continents. Through the PRISMA approach and five inclusion criteria, we identified 46 peer-reviewed articles that measured SES or racial-ethnic disparities in access to UGS in Global South cities. We found inequities for UGS quantity (high-SES people are advantaged in 85% of cases) and UGS proximity (74% of cases). Inequities were less consistent for UGS quality (65% of cases). We also found that UGS inequities were consistent across African, Asian, and Latin American cities. These findings suggest that Global South cities experience similar inequities in UGS quantity and quality as Global North cities, but that the former also face inequities in UGS proximity.

Access to Urban Green Space in Cities of the Global South: A Systematic Literature Review

This paper provides a critical review of the progress in understanding the linkages between transport disadvantage and social exclusion. It follows earlier work in proposing social capital as a concept that mediates those linkages but argues that transport researchers must not confine themselves to conceptualisations of social capital as predominantly benign and capable of reducing transport disadvantage and social exclusion. A range of hypothetical pathways is discussed, highlighting the Janus-faced character of social capital as a medium for both the effectuation of progressive social change and the perpetuation and creation of social inequalities. An analysis is provided of the extent to which the recent transport-related literature supports or rejects the hypothesised pathways, and key avenues for future research are identified.

/pdf/rethinking-the-links-between-social-exclusion-and-transport-1lj7ex6czb.pdf

Rethinking the links between social exclusion and transport disadvantage through the lens of social capital

Urban form and spatial structure as determinants of per capita greenhouse gas emissions considering possible endogeneity and compensation behaviors

This paper investigates the spatial distribution of social activity locations. The research makes use of a social interaction potential (SIP) metric to estimate the potential for an individual to participate in a face-to-face social activity at any particular location in the city. The metric is shown to constitute a contact probability field that is sensitive to time-geographic constraints such as home locations, workplaces, and travel times. Empirical case studies drawn from samples in Ghent, Belgium and Concepcion, Chile are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the SIP metric in assigning high potential scores to observed social activity episodes. Moreover, a regression model is used to estimate the marginal benefit of using successive levels of constraint detail. The results illustrate both positive and negative aspects of the SIP metric. The metric behaves very well in general; 75% of the time an observed activity location received a score in the 25th percentile. However, lower valued scores were mor...

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1068/b120034p

Social Interaction Potential and the Spatial Distribution of Face-to-Face Social Interactions:

Coastal wetlands are ecosystems that provide multiple benefits to human settlements; nonetheless, they are seriously threatened due to both a lack of planning instruments and human activities associated mainly with urban growth. An understanding of their functioning and status is crucial for their protection and conservation. Two wetlands with different degrees of urbanization, Rocuant-Andalien (highly urbanized) and Tubul-Raqui (with little urbanization), were analyzed using temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, granulometry, fecal coliform, and macroinvertebrate assemblage variables in summer and winter. In both wetlands marked seasonality in salinity, temperature and sediment texture classification, regulated by oceanic influence and changes in the freshwater budget, was observed. In the Rocuant-Andalien wetland, the increases in pH, dissolved oxygen, gravel percentage, and coliform concentration were statistically significant. Urbanization generated negative impacts on macroinvertebrate assemblage structure that inhabit the wetlands; greater richness and abundance (8.5 times greater) were recorded in the Tubul-Raqui wetland than in the more urbanized wetland. The multivariate statistical analysis reflects the alteration of these complex systems.

Coastal Wetlands: Ecosystems Affected by Urbanization?

Latin American
cities, like those from North America and Europe,
experience problems of urban sprawl. However, few studies have dedicated exclusively
to this phenomenon in specific cities, and this omission is particularly noticeable
regarding cities not considered among the megalopolis of the continent. The present
work analyzes urban sprawl through an urban form in the Concepcion Metropolitan
Area, Chile,
between 1990 and 2009, considering local aspects that may have played a role in
the process. The main empirical results obtained from this study reveal a metropolitan
area that has expanded intensely over a 20-year period, growing from 9000 hectares
to more than 17,000 ha for
a 96% increment in the built-up area. The new urban surfaces consolidate a central
conurbation that strengthens the role of the main downtowns, with less-intense occupation
towards the sub-centers but in a structure that follows the transportation infrastructure.
Over the last 20 years, the distance between the shapes has grown progressively
by around 2 km, increasing
the size of the ellipse by more than 1000 km2. In particular the complexity of the
urbanized surfaces has grown, becoming
more irregular in shape and less compact as they come to occupy larger areas. So
our principal findings include: an increment of nearly 100% in the urban surface,
the importance of a polycentric urban structure in the process of consolidation
as a support for analyzing different spatial dynamics, and the growing morphological
irregularity of the territory of the sprawl.

/pdf/understanding-the-urban-sprawl-in-the-mid-size-latin-2vc09pf8bm.pdf

Carolina Rojas

Papers

Urban form and spatial structure as determinants of per capita greenhouse gas emissions considering possible endogeneity and compensation behaviors

Social Interaction Potential and the Spatial Distribution of Face-to-Face Social Interactions:

Coastal Wetlands: Ecosystems Affected by Urbanization?

Understanding the Urban Sprawl in the Mid-Size Latin American Cities through the Urban Form: Analysis of the Concepción Metropolitan Area (Chile)

A sustainability index for anthropized and urbanized coasts: The case of Concón Bay, central Chile