Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Prospective Cohort Study

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

The current evidence suggests that many diet and exercise interventions to prevent obesity in children are not effective in preventing weight gain, but can be effective in promoting a healthy diet and increased physical activity levels.Being very overweight (obese) can cause health, psychological and social problems for children. Children who are obese are more likely to have weight and health problems as adults. Programmes designed to prevent obesity focus on modifying one or more of the factors considered to promote obesity.This review included 22 studies that tested a variety of intervention programmes, which involved increased physical activity and dietary changes, singly or in combination. Participants were under 18 and living in Asia, South America, Europe or North America. There is not enough evidence from trials to prove that any one particular programme can prevent obesity in children, although comprehensive strategies to address dietary and physical activity change, together with psycho-social support and environmental change may help. There was a trend for newer interventions to involve their respective communities and to include evaluations.Future research might usefully assess changes made on behalf of entire populations, such as improvements in the types of foods available at schools and in the availability of safe places to run and play, and should assess health effects and costs over several years.The programmes in this review used different strategies to prevent obesity so direct comparisons were difficult. Also, the duration of the studies ranged from 12 weeks to three years, but most lasted less than a year.

/pdf/interventions-for-preventing-obesity-in-children-4arhbcud58.pdf

Interventions for preventing obesity in children

国際生活機能分類(International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF)にみた福祉・保健・医療の専門職協働における連携に関する貢献と課題

Objectives To compare the incidence rates and odds of concussion between youth ice hockey players based on mouthguard use and helmet age. Materials and methods Within a 5-year longitudinal cohort (2013/2014 to 2017/2018) of male and female ice hockey players (ages 11–18; n=3330 players) in Alberta (Canada), we analysed the relationship of equipment and concussion in both a prospective cohort and nested case (concussion) control (acute musculoskeletal injury) approach. The prospective cohort included baseline assessments documenting reported mouthguard use (yes/sometimes, no use), helmet age (newer/<2 years old, older/≥2 years old) and important covariables (weight, level of play, position of play, concussion history, body checking policy), with weekly player participation throughout the season. The nested case–control component used injury reports to document equipment (mouthguard use, helmet age) and other information (eg, mechanism and type of injury) for the injury event. Multivariable mixed effects negative binomial regression (prospective cohort, incidence rate ratios (IRRs)) and multivariable mixed effects logistic regression (nested case–control, odds ratios (OR)) examined the association between equipment and concussion. Results Players who reported wearing a mouthguard had a 28% lower concussion rate (IRR=0.72, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.93) and 57% lower odds of concussion (OR=0.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.70) compared with non-wearers. There were no associations in the concussion rate (IRR=0.94, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.15) and odds (OR=1.16, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.86) between newer and older helmets. Conclusions Wearing a mouthguard was associated with a lower concussion rate and odds. Policy mandating use should be considered in youth ice hockey. More research is needed to identify other helmet characteristics (eg, quality, fit) that could lower concussion risk.

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/57/10/571.full.pdf

Protective equipment in youth ice hockey: are mouthguards and helmet age relevant to concussion risk?

Bencke, J., Christiansen, D., Jensen, K., Okholm, A., SonneHolm, S., & Bandholm, T. (2012). Measuring medial longitudinal arch deformation during gait. A reliability study. Gait & Posture, 35(3), 400 404. Giandolini, M., Poupard, T., Gimenez, P., Horvais, N., Millet, G. Y., Morin, J.-B., & Samozino, P. (2014). A simple field method to identify foot strike pattern during running. Journal of Biomechanics, 47(7), 1588 1593. Nielsen, R.O., Buist, I., Parner, E.T., Nohr, E.A., Sorensen, H., Lind, M., & Rasmussen, S. (2014). Foot pronation is not associated with increased injury risk in novice runners wearing a neutral shoe: A 1-year prospective cohort study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(6), 440 447. Ryan, M., Elashi, M., Newsham-West, R., & Taunton, J. (2014). Examining injury risk and pain perception in runners using minimalist footwear. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48 (16), 1257 1262.

The influence of ankle strength exercise training on running injury risk factors

Injury prevention in children and adolescents

Background Concussions can lead to cognitive or neuromotor impairments which may influence skill performance. No published research has investigated the effect of previous concussions on sport-specific skill performance. Skill performance may be an important component of injury prevention strategy development in youth ice hockey. Objective To investigate the effect of previous concussion or injury on sport-specific skill performance in elite youth ice hockey. Design Cross Sectional pilot study. Setting Winsport arena in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Participants: A sample of ten teams (n=131, 84 males and 47 females, ages 13-17) representing the most elite 20% of players by division of play (“AA, AAA”). Risk factor assessment Players completed a preseason baseline questionnaire including history of previous concussion and/or injury in the past year. Main outcome measurements On-ice skills testing was based on the Hockey Canada Skills Test (HCST) battery which included forward agility weave, forward and backward speed skate, forward to backward transition agility, and a 6-repeat endurance test. Results Comparing players with a history of concussion and those without, there were no differences in HCST component scores. There were also no differences in HCST scores between those reporting a previous injury within 1 year and those without. Males were faster than females on all HCST timed skill components, except for forward agility weave without the puck. Midget players were faster than Bantam players for transition agility with and without the puck, forward speed with the puck, and backward speed with and without the puck. Conclusion There were no apparent associations between history of concussion and/or injury and sport-specific skill performance. Our results provide reference values for HCST component scores that can allow assessment of risk and provide a foundation for prevention studies.

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/48/7/590.3.full.pdf

Carolyn A. Emery

Papers

Protective equipment in youth ice hockey: are mouthguards and helmet age relevant to concussion risk?

The influence of ankle strength exercise training on running injury risk factors

Injury prevention in children and adolescents

Effect of previous concussion or injury on sport-specific skills in elite youth ice hockey: a pilot study

The Effectiveness of a Combined Sport in jury and Obesity Prevention Program in Junior High School