To present current, nationally representative US findings on the past-year and lifetime prevalences, sociodemographic correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, associated disability, and treatment of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Face-to-face interviews with 36,309 adults in the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. PTSD, alcohol and drug use disorders, and selected mood, anxiety, and personality disorders were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5. Past-year and lifetime prevalences were 4.7 and 6.1 %, higher for female, white, Native American, younger, and previously married respondents, those with <high school education and lower incomes, and rural residents. PTSD was significantly associated with a broad range of substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, and past-month disability. Among respondents with lifetime PTSD, 59.4 % sought treatment; an average of 4.5 years elapsed from disorder onset to first treatment. DSM-5 PTSD is prevalent, highly comorbid, disabling, and associated with delayed help seeking. Additional research is needed to elucidate relationships identified herein, estimate PTSD-related costs, investigate hypotheses regarding etiology, course, and treatment, and support decisions about resource allocation to service delivery and research. Initiatives are needed to destigmatize PTSD, educate the public about its treatment, and encourage affected individuals to seek help.

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The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III

Instructor: G. Jason Goddard Place: Distance Learning Format Time: Slides posted on Canvas each Monday at 6 PM Phone: (336) 732-8584 Email GJGoddar@uncg.edu Office Hours: By Appointment Only Course Textbook: Real Estate Investment: A Value Based Approach, by G.J. Goddard & B. Marcum, Springer Publishers, 2012. ISBN-10: 3642235263, ISBN-13: 978-3642235269 Calculator: Hewlett Packard 10B or 10B II Prerequisites: Admission into the Bryan MBA Program

The University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Professionals working in the fields of trauma, victim assistance, mental health, law enforcement, fire response, emergency medical services, and other professions are exposed to traumatic events on a regular basis; in some cases, workers are exposed every day. Vicarious trauma (VT) refers to the exposure to the trauma experiences of others, considered an occupational challenge for all of these professions. Research can assist in development of strategies to avoid being left vulnerable to negative impacts of this work, known as vicarious traumatization or secondary traumatic stress (STS). This article reviews existing research and outlines a research agenda for addressing vicarious traumatization/STS in the workplace. The review is organized by the 4 steps of a public health approach: (a) defining the problem including measuring the scope or prevalence, (b) identifying risk and protective factors for negative outcomes, (c) developing interventions and policies, and (d) monitoring and evaluating interventions and policies over time. A research agenda for the field is put forward following these same steps.

Advancing science and practice for vicarious traumatization/secondary traumatic stress: A research agenda.

The aim of this article is to define a term that has been widely used by both researchers and practitioners in the field since at least 1924 (Miller, 1924), but has never been included in any official nomenclature: emotional disorder. Our reasons for doing so are twofold. First, the literature on emotion and emotion regulation has been plagued by widespread variability in the terminology used to refer to emotion‐related constructs and processes (Gross, 2015; Gross, Sheppes, & Urry, 2011). For example, terms like affect, emotion, and mood are often used interchangeably or in the absence of any definition. This lack of conceptual clarity over key terms continues to impede scholarly efforts to consolidate and integrate existing research findings. We will demonstrate that the frequent use of the term emotional disorder, in the absence of explicit operationalization, has only contributed to an illusory consensus whereby the same term is being used with different meanings. Even without a clear definition, the term emotional disorder continues to feature prominently in contemporary literature; Google Scholar indexed over 1,300 publications for the year 2017 with emotional disorder in the article. Given that use of the term emotional disorder is a popular umbrella term and is likely to persist, there is considerable advantage to leveraging its use. Second, and more importantly, by presenting a definition for emotional disorder that connects putative mechanisms to clinical syndromes, we are also proposing a heuristic for grouping disorders together that transcends traditional diagnostic categories by reclustering disorders into larger groups Received: 17 July 2018 | Revised: 10 December 2018 | Accepted: 10 January 2019 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12278

What is an emotional disorder? A transdiagnostic mechanistic definition with implications for assessment, treatment, and prevention

Self-compassion has emerged as an important construct in the mental health literature. Although conceptual links between self-compassion and trauma are apparent, a review has not been completed to examine whether this association is supported by empirical research findings. To systematically summarize knowledge on the association between trauma and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and self-compassion. Searches were conducted in PsycINFO, PubMed, Ovid Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and PILOTS databases, and papers reporting a direct analysis on the relationship between these constructs were identified. The search yielded 35 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Despite considerable heterogeneity in study design, sample, measurement, and trauma type, there was consistent evidence to suggest that increased self-compassion is associated with less PTSD symptomatology and some evidence to suggest that reduced fear of self-compassion is associated with less PTSD symptomatology. There was tentative evidence to suggest that interventions based, in part or whole, on a self-compassion model potentially reduce PTSD symptoms. Although findings are positive for the association between increased self-compassion and reduced PTSD symptoms, the precise mechanism of these protective effects is unknown. Prospective and longitudinal studies would be beneficial in clarifying this. The review also highlighted the variability in what is and should be referred to as trauma exposure, indicating the need for further research to clarify the concept.

Self-compassion, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE: The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes significant changes to Criterion A for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the criterion that defines which events qualify as "traumatic." This systematic review explores the fundamental question of how to define a trauma by reviewing the difference between direct and indirect trauma exposure and the risk for PTSD associated with both exposure types. Direct exposure includes experiencing a trauma firsthand or witnessing a trauma as it occurs to others. In contrast, indirect exposure may occur by learning about the violent or accidental death of a close associate, through secondary narrative accounts (e.g., in service-related professions), or through work-related media reports. This review examines whether indirect trauma exposure can lead to PTSD and the role of proximity in symptom development. METHOD: We conducted a systematic review of the research assessing changes to PTSD Criterion A in DSM-5, various levels of traumatic exposure, and proximity as a risk factor for PTSD. RESULTS: Our review indicates that indirect exposure can lead to PTSD, although the probability of developing the disorder from indirect exposure is lower than that from direct exposure. Proximity to a trauma also increases risk, but this may be limited to direct exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the impact of level of exposure (direct vs. indirect) and proximity will help to better define what events meet PTSD Criterion A. Future research is needed to examine DSM-5's requirement that exposure through media must be related to one's work. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en

Defining trauma: How level of exposure and proximity affect risk for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Voluntary emotion regulation in anorexia nervosa: A preliminary emotion-modulated startle investigation.

Reward Processing and Decision-Making in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Introduction: Emotion regulation in healthy functioning and in depression is typically examined as an intrapersonal phenomenon, but growing evidence suggests social factors affect individuals' strategy use and effectiveness. We examined whether the role of emotion regulation in depression—concurrently and over four weeks—depends on social connectedness, predicting that higher social connectedness would dilute effects of one's own strategy use regardless of specific strategy. Methods: Young adult participants (n = 187) completed measures of perceived social connectedness, depressive symptoms, two avoidant emotion regulation strategies (ruminative brooding and experiential avoidance), and two approach-oriented strategies (positive reappraisal and planning), and depressive symptoms again four weeks later (n = 166). Results: Cross-sectional associations of emotion regulation with symptoms were moderated by social connectedness: effects of both avoidant and approach strategies were weaker among more connected individuals. Prospectively, social connectedness moderated effects of approach strategies, but not avoidant strategies. Among more socially connected individuals, using approach strategies—which are typically adaptive—was associated with higher symptoms over time. Discussion: Results partially replicate previous research and support the role of social factors as important contexts of intraper-sonal emotion regulation and dysregulation in depression. Findings suggest that social resources can dilute intrapersonal effects regardless of strategy type—more in the shorter term than in the longer term—and can even lead seemingly adaptive strategies to backfire over time. Implications for research integrating emotion regulation, relationships, and depressive psychopathology are discussed.

Emotion Regulation in Context: Social Connectedness Moderates Concurrent and Prospective Associations With Depressive Symptoms

Rumination (negative thinking about the past) and worry (anxious apprehension) are two forms of repetitive thinking associated with psychopathology. Prior research indicates that rumination and wor...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2043808718811428

Casey L. May

Papers

Defining trauma: How level of exposure and proximity affect risk for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Voluntary emotion regulation in anorexia nervosa: A preliminary emotion-modulated startle investigation.

Reward Processing and Decision-Making in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Emotion Regulation in Context: Social Connectedness Moderates Concurrent and Prospective Associations With Depressive Symptoms

A latent profile analysis of repetitive negative thinking: Distinguishing ruminators from worriers: