A simple, straightforward, and highly efficient multicomponent one-pot synthesis of a pharmaceutically interesting diverse kind of functionalized 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans and pyran-annulated heterocycles has been developed based on a low-cost and environmentally benign commercially available urea as a novel organo-catalyst. The reaction occurs via tandem Knoevenagel–cyclocondensation of aldehydes, malononitrile, and C–H-activated acidic compounds in aqueous ethanol at room temperature. Following this protocol, it was possible to synthesize 2-amino-3-cyano-pyrano[3,2-c]chromen-5(4H)-ones (4aa–4al), 2-amino-3-cyano-pyrano[4,3-b]pyran-5(4H)-ones (4ba–4be), 2-amino-3-cyano-7,8-dihydro-4H-chromen-5(6H)-one (4ca–4cr), 1H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H,5H)-diones (4da–4dd), 2-amino-3-cyano-5,10-dioxo-5,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[g]chromenes (4ea–4ec), 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans (4fa–4fh), and 1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles (4ga–4gb). The salient features of the present protocol are mild reaction conditions, excellen...

Facile and One-Pot Access to Diverse and Densely Functionalized 2-Amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans and Pyran-Annulated Heterocyclic Scaffolds via an Eco-Friendly Multicomponent Reaction at Room Temperature Using Urea as a Novel Organo-Catalyst

Fluoride ion catalyzed multicomponent reactions for efficient synthesis of 4H-chromene and N-arylquinoline derivatives in aqueous media

Recent developments on ultrasound-assisted one-pot multicomponent synthesis of biologically relevant heterocycles.

By the treatment of 0.3 molar amount of NbCl5 and LiAlH4, o-arylated alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluenes afforded fluorene derivatives in good yields. C-F bonds of the CF3 group and the neighboring ortho C-H bond were doubly activated to give the coupling products.

Low-Valent Niobium-Mediated Double Activation of C−F/C−H Bonds: Fluorene Synthesis from o-Arylated α,α,α-Trifluorotoluene Derivatives

Purpose To perform the first meta-analysis of the efficacy of skin-directed therapies for cutaneous metastases. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for reports of prospective clinical studies published between 1960 and 2013 that assessed the response of skin-directed therapy for cutaneous metastases (47 of 2,955 unique studies were selected). Primary end points of the study were complete and objective response rates. Secondary analyses were preplanned and included subgroup analyses by skin-directed therapy, histology, and recurrence rates. Meta-analyses were performed with random-effect modeling, and extent of heterogeneity between studies was determined with the Cochran Q and I2 tests. Results After applying exclusion criteria, 47 prospective studies of 4,313 cutaneous metastases were assessed. Five skin-directed therapies were identified: electrochemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, intralesional therapy, and topical therapy. Among al...

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Efficacy of Skin-Directed Therapy for Cutaneous Metastases From Advanced Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Anticancer activity for 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (A-007) analogues and their abilities to interact with lymphoendothelial cell surface markers.

4,4‘-Dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (A-007) has recently completed a phase I clinical trial in advanced cancer with minimal toxicity, and impressive objective responses were noted. A-007 possesses three moieties that appear to have an influence on its anticancer activities:  diphenylmethane, hydrazone, and dinitrophenyl. The goals of this study were to modify A-007's chemical moieties with the ultimate goal of maximizing its anticancer activity through increased planarity and introduction of functional groups. Thirty-five phenylhydrazone analogues of A-007 were synthesized and evaluated in vitro in a human primary cancer explant assay. Anticancer activities for selected analogues were also assayed for activity vs established human/murine cell lines. One-hundred-eighty-six fresh human solid tumors were used to screen for anticancer activity. Selected analogues were assayed for therapeutic indices (vs GM-CFC from bone marrow) in preparation for preclinical studies. Several polyaryl phenylh...

Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Properties of 4,4‘-Dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone and Analogues

Purpose: This study is to document the activity and acceptability for a new topical agent, A-007, in the treatment of cutaneous metastases from cancer. Patients and methods: This is a multicenter study involving 27 patients with inoperable skin lesions from histologically confirmed cancers of the breast and oral cavity, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and angiosarcoma that had failed radiotherapy or systemic treatment. A-007, as a 0.25% gel, was applied twice daily to the areas of cancer to be measured as well as applied to a healthy control area distant from the cancer areas. An untreated cancer area was also included and documented as a cancer control. Results: The overall objected response rate with A-007 was 26%, with an additional 19% minimum response/stabilization of cancer. For patients with breast cancer, hormonal status did not have an impact on response. The median duration of response was 15 weeks (with one patient having a response for 3.5 years). Toxicities observed were itching, burning, and a rash, in 6 of the 27 patients. The skin toxicities were in the cancer-treated fields; none were observed in the A-007 control areas. All irritated areas cleared while continuing treatment, and the tumor lesions in the areas of itching also improved. Conclusion: A-007, as a 0.25% gel, is confirmed as an effective palliative treatment option for cutaneous metastases from cancers. Skin reactions were minimal, tolerated, and no cessation of treatment was required.

Catherine L. Hooper

Papers

Anticancer activity for 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (A-007) analogues and their abilities to interact with lymphoendothelial cell surface markers.

Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Properties of 4,4‘-Dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone and Analogues

4,4′-Dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (A-007): a topical treatment for cutaneous metastases from malignant cancers