Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

According to W. Edwards Deming, American companies require nothing less than a transformation of management style and of governmental relations with industry. In Out of the Crisis, originally published in 1982, Deming offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future, he claims, brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. In simple, direct language, he explains the principles of management transformation and how to apply them.

Out of the Crisis

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the rates at which Coarse Woody Debris (CWD) is added and removed from ecosystems, the biomass found in streams and forests, and many functions that CWD serves. CWD is an important component of temperate stream and forest ecosystems and is added to the ecosystem by numerous mechanisms, including wind, fire, insect attack, pathogens, competition, and geomorphic processes. Many factors control the rate at which CWD decomposes, including temperature, moisture, the internal gas composition of CWD, substrate quality, the size of the CWD, and the types of organisms involved. The mass of CWD in an ecosystem ideally represents the balance between addition and loss. In reality, slow decomposition rates and erratic variations in input of CWD cause the CWD mass to deviate markedly from steady-state projections. Many differences correspond to forest type, with deciduous-dominated systems having generally lower biomass than conifer-dominated systems. Stream size also influences CWD mass in lotic ecosystems, while successional stage dramatically influences CWD mass in boat aquatic and terrestrial settings. This chapter reviews many of these functions and concludes that CWD is an important functional component of stream and forest ecosystems. Better scientific understanding of these functions and the natural factors influencing CWD dynamics should lead to more enlightened management practices.

Ecology of Coarse Woody Debris in Temperate Ecosystems

https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2002_franklin001.pdf

Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example

Persistent changes in tree mortality rates can alter forest structure, composition, and ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration. Our analyses of longitudinal data from unmanaged old forests in the western United States showed that background (noncatastrophic) mortality rates have increased rapidly in recent decades, with doubling periods ranging from 17 to 29 years among regions. Increases were also pervasive across elevations, tree sizes, dominant genera, and past fire histories. Forest density and basal area declined slightly, which suggests that increasing mortality was not caused by endogenous increases in competition. Because mortality increased in small trees, the overall increase in mortality rates cannot be attributed solely to aging of large trees. Regional warming and consequent increases in water deficits are likely contributors to the increases in tree mortality rates.

/pdf/widespread-increase-of-tree-mortality-rates-in-the-western-2otdmdwjes.pdf

Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States

Plant Interactions and Limitations of Growth. Tree Architecture and Growth. Disturbances and Stand Development. Overview of Stand Development Patterns. Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Tree Invasion. Stand Initiation Stage: Single-Cohort Stands. Stem Exclusion Stage: Single-Cohort Stands, Single-Species Stands. Stem Exclusion Stage: Single-Cohort Stands, Mixed-Species Stands. Understory Reinitiation Stage. Old Growth Stage. Multicohort Stands: Behavior of Component Cohorts. Development of Multicohort Stands. Stand Edges, Gaps, and Clumps. Quantification of Stand Development. Forest Patterns Over Long Times and Large Areas. References. Appendix. Index.

Forest Stand Dynamics

https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1327&context=barkbeetles

Forest development in North America following major disturbances

Forest stand dynamics: updated edition.

Recent progress toward the application of process-based models in forestmanagement includes the development of evaluation and parameter estimation methods suitable for models with causal structure, and the accumulation of data that can be used in model evaluation. The current state of the art of process modeling is discussed in the context of forest ecosystem management. We argue that the carbon balance approach is readily applicable for projecting forest yield and productivity, and review several carbon balance models for estimating stand productivity and individual tree growth and competition. We propose that to develop operational models, it is necessary to accept that all models may have both empirical and causal components at the system level. We present examples of hybrid carbon balance models and consider issues that currently require incorporation of empirical information at the system level. We review model calibration and validation methods that take account of the hybrid character of models. The operational implementation of process-based models to practical forest management is discussed. Methods of decision-making in forest management are gradually moving toward a more general, analytical approach, and it seems likely that models that include some process-oriented components will soon be used in forestry enterprises. This development is likely to run parallel with the further development of ecophysiologically based models.

Process-based models for forest ecosystem management: current state of the art and challenges for practical implementation

I. Stand Structure and Dynamics: Overview of Principles.- 1. Pathways of development in mixed-species stands.- 2. Similarities of stand structures and stand development processes throughout the world-some evidence and applications to silviculture through adaptive management.- II. Stand Structure and Dynamics: Case Studies.- 3. Development of a mixed-conifer forest in Hokkaido, northern Japan, following a catastrophic windstorm: A "parallel" model of plant succession.- 4. The structure and dynamics of tropical rain forest in relation to tree species richness.- 5. Patterns of diversity in the boreal forest.- 6. Regeneration from seed under a range of canopy conditions in tropical wet forest, Puerto Rico.- 7. Establishment and early growth of advance regeneration of canopy trees in moist mixed-species forest.- III. Productivity of Mixed-Species Stands.- 8. Comparative productivity of monocultures and mixed-species stands.- 9. Exploring the possibilities of developing a physiological model of mixed stands.- IV. Silviculture and Management of Mixed-Species Stands.- 10. Stand development patterns in Allegheny hardwood forests, and their influence on silviculture and management practices.- 11. Experiments in mixed mountain forests in Bavaria.- 12. The red spruce-balsam fir forest of Maine: Evolution of silvicultural practice in response to stand development patterns and disturbances.- 13. Temperate zone roots of silviculture in the tropics.- 14. Forest analysis: Linking the stand and forest levels.- V. Concluding Remarks.- 15. Ideas about mixed stands.

Chadwick Dearing Oliver

Papers

Forest Stand Dynamics

Forest development in North America following major disturbances

Forest stand dynamics: updated edition.

Process-based models for forest ecosystem management: current state of the art and challenges for practical implementation

The Ecology and Silviculture of Mixed-Species Forests