This article identi¢es an incipient and largely implicit cognitive turn in the study of ethnicity, and argues that it can be consolidated and extended by drawing on cognitive research in social psychology and anthropology. Cognitive perspectives pro- vide resources for conceptualizing ethnicity, race, and nation as perspectives on the world rather than entities in the world, for treating ethnicity, race, and nationalism together rather than as separate sub¢elds, and for re-specifying the old debate between primordialist and circumstantialist approaches.

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Ethnicity as Cognition

The demand for public services and physical infrastructure in developing countries is growing steadily as populations increase, and as expectations of achieving better standards of living are raised by national development plans and international assistance programmes. Local services and infrastructure not only contribute to social welfare but also enhance the productivity of labour, allow markets to work more effectively, and create opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship (World Bank, 1975; USAID, 1982). But in many developing countries local services and infrastructure are either provided by central governments ineffectively and inefficiently, or by community organizations and private businesses only sporadically (Moris, 1976; Ayubi, 1982; Harris, 1983). Local institutions often lack the incentives, adequate funds, technical expertise, and management capacity to provide services. Thus in many developing countries there are few services of any kind in areas outside of the national capital (Rondinelli and Ruddle, 1978). Furthermore, the maintenance of physical infrastructure that does exist is notoriously poor in developing countries, and as a result services and facilities deteriorate quickly (Tendler, 1979). The World Bank reports that roads it financed during the 1960s and 1970s are deteriorating so fast that many will be unusable before the borrowing countries can repay the loans for their construction. The cost of needed road maintenance in developing countries is now approaching US$40 billion (Roth, 1987b). The problems of providing and maintaining public services and infrastructure have brought increasing calls for decentralization and

Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: a Political-Economy Framework

POWER AND TOURISM A Foucauldian Observation

Sustainable tourism is a sub-branch of sustainable development that was put on the world agenda with the publication of the Bruntland report. The report focused on environmental issues and the natural environment has remained a central theme. Sociocultural issues have been overshadowed or marginalised. Community participation, although considered essential in sustainable tourism, is a concept subject to much interpretation. Based on longitudinal action research this case study, from Eastern Indonesia, provides theoretical coverage and practical ideas of how community participation can be moved from the passive, rhetorical end of the participation scale towards empowerment. Tourism has the potential to empower communities and the sustainable tourism agenda needs to focus on how to bring this about. As the case study illustrates, understanding tourists and tourism processes is the first stage to empowering the local community to make informed and appropriate decisions about their tourism development. Consid...

Information and Empowerment: The Keys to Achieving Sustainable Tourism

Forms of adjustment: Sociocultural impacts of tourism

Notions of gender, like those of space, time, and especially person, constitute fundamental ideas in an Aristotelian sense (Durkheim 1965[1915]:21-22, 488ff.), serving to orient people in their relationships with others. While gender notions never determine behavior, they are evoked-sometimes explicitly, more often implicitly-in making sense of the self as an actor in the world. In most societies, such notions have a givenness, an unproblematic character, because they are rooted in unquestioned understandings of the underlying meaning of reality. Insofar as the world view remains unchallenged, deviations as well as conformance to cultural norms derived from gender ideas are understood with reference to

https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/ae.1984.11.2.02a00010

mother or mistress but never a monk: Buddhist notions of female gender in rural Thailand

Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation-State.

Introduction tourism and re-created ethnicity

Thailand, Buddhist kingdom as modern nation-state

On a visit to a northern province in the 1950s, Ho Chi Minh, who had spent many years during the war with the French living with upland peoples in northern Vietnam, asked local authorities how many ethnic groups were found within the province. Professor Đang Nghiem Van, the doyen of ethnologists in Vietnam, has written that President Ho received the following response:The “scientific” project of ethnic classification undertaken for political purposes in Vietnam beginning in 1958 was comparable directly (and not unrelated) to a similar project undertaken in China in the 1950s.

Charles F. Keyes

Papers

mother or mistress but never a monk: Buddhist notions of female gender in rural Thailand

Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation-State.

Introduction tourism and re-created ethnicity

Thailand, Buddhist kingdom as modern nation-state

Presidential Address: “The Peoples of Asia”—Science and Politics in the Classification of Ethnic Groups in Thailand, China, and Vietnam