抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The number of sequenced plant genomes and associated genomic resources is growing rapidly with the advent of both an increased focus on plant genomics from funding agencies, and the application of inexpensive next generation sequencing. To interact with this increasing body of data, we have developed Phytozome (http://www.phytozome.net), a comparative hub for plant genome and gene family data and analysis. Phytozome provides a view of the evolutionary history of every plant gene at the level of sequence, gene structure, gene family and genome organization, while at the same time providing access to the sequences and functional annotations of a growing number (currently 25) of complete plant genomes, including all the land plants and selected algae sequenced at the Joint Genome Institute, as well as selected species sequenced elsewhere. Through a comprehensive plant genome database and web portal, these data and analyses are available to the broader plant science research community, providing powerful comparative genomics tools that help to link model systems with other plants of economic and ecological importance.

/pdf/phytozome-a-comparative-platform-for-green-plant-genomics-1ezqiu8w9i.pdf

Phytozome: a comparative platform for green plant genomics

Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the approximately 120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella.

/pdf/the-chlamydomonas-genome-reveals-the-evolution-of-key-animal-2n5q5e35gv.pdf

The Chlamydomonas Genome Reveals the Evolution of Key Animal and Plant Functions

Alkylations of α-Dimethylaminophenylacetonitriles and Hydrolysis to Desoxybenzoins1

Formation of 1,3-dianions of 2- and 3-acetamidopyridines by means of n-butyllithium. Condensations with carbonyl compounds and nitriles

Alkylation of o- and p-tolunitriles with halides by means of sodium amide in liquid ammonia

Synthesis of Pyrazoles by the Condensation of C(α)- and Trianions with Esters

Mono- versus Dialkylation of Phenylacetonitrile with Alkyl Halides by Alkali Amides in Liquid Ammonia. Exclusive Monoalkylation with α-Phenylethyl and Benzhydryl Chlorides1

Charles R. Hauser

Papers

Alkylations of α-Dimethylaminophenylacetonitriles and Hydrolysis to Desoxybenzoins1

Formation of 1,3-dianions of 2- and 3-acetamidopyridines by means of n-butyllithium. Condensations with carbonyl compounds and nitriles

Alkylation of o- and p-tolunitriles with halides by means of sodium amide in liquid ammonia

Synthesis of Pyrazoles by the Condensation of C(α)- and Trianions with Esters

Mono- versus Dialkylation of Phenylacetonitrile with Alkyl Halides by Alkali Amides in Liquid Ammonia. Exclusive Monoalkylation with α-Phenylethyl and Benzhydryl Chlorides1