Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is one of the fastest-growing additive manufacturing methods used in printing fibre-reinforced composites (FRC). The performances of the resulting printed parts are limited compared to those by other manufacturing methods due to their inherent defects. Hence, the effort to develop treatment methods to overcome these drawbacks has accelerated during the past few years. The main focus of this study is to review the impact of those defects on the mechanical performance of FRC and therefore to discuss the available treatment methods to eliminate or minimize them in order to enhance the functional properties of the printed parts. As FRC is a combination of polymer matrix material and continuous or short reinforcing fibres, this review will thoroughly discuss both thermoplastic polymers and FRCs printed via FDM technology, including the effect of printing parameters such as layer thickness, infill pattern, raster angle and fibre orientation. The most common defects on printed parts, in particular, the void formation, surface roughness and poor bonding between fibre and matrix, are explored. An inclusive discussion on the effectiveness of chemical, laser, heat and ultrasound treatments to minimize these drawbacks is provided by this review.

FDM-Based 3D Printing of Polymer and Associated Composite: A Review on Mechanical Properties, Defects and Treatments.

Mechanics of Materials -7/E

Tube hydroforming process: A reference guide

Fiber reinforced composites offer exceptional directional mechanical properties, and combining their advantages with the capability of 3D printing has resulted in many innovative research fronts. This review aims to summarize the methods and findings of research conducted on 3D-printed carbon fiber reinforced composites. The review is focused on commercially available printers and filaments, as their results are reproducible and the findings can be applied to functional parts. As the process parameters can be readily changed in preparation of a 3D-printed part, it has been the focus of many studies. In addition to typical composite driving factors such as fiber orientation, fiber volume fraction and stacking sequence, printing parameters such as infill density, infill pattern, nozzle speed, layer thickness, built orientation, nozzle and bed temperatures have shown to influence mechanical properties. Due to the unique advantages of 3D printing, in addition to conventional unidirectional fiber orientation, concentric fiber rings have been used to optimize the mechanical performance of a part. This review surveys the literature in 3D printing of chopped and continuous carbon fiber composites to provide a reference for the state-of-the-art efforts, existing limitations and new research frontiers.

3D-Printed Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Systematic Review

A Review of Electrically-Assisted Manufacturing With Emphasis on Modeling and Understanding of the Electroplastic Effect

FEA comparison of high and low pressure tube hydroforming of TRIP steel

The fracture behaviour of two Advanced-High-Strength-Steels (AHSS) of similar yield strength can have a sudden change from ductile to rapid post uniform deformation failure depending on the strain-path. Microstructure analysis indicates that the different failure modes are due to a change in the ability of the second phase to deform.

Necking and fracture of advanced high strength steels

Buckling in low pressure tube hydroforming

Die closing force in low pressure tube hydroforming

Increase in the use of the advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) is an interesting alternative to automotive industry to reduce vehicle weight and fuel consumption. However, it has been limited due to challenges in formability, tool life, and springback. The springback is pointed in the literature as one of the challenges that involves the mass production of structural components and the aspects that shows influence are still not fully understood. There is still a gap in the literature to analyze the elastic modulus variation during unloading (also called chord modulus). Therefore, this study experimentally examines the variation of elastic modulus in conjunction with plastic strain and initial microstructure of various automotive steels. For all AHSS, it was found that the elastic modulus decreases during loading and unloading with respect to plastic strain. It was observed that the microstructure of AHSS greatly affects the reduction in elastic modulus upon deformation. It was also found that the degradation of elastic modulus also affected by the anisotropy of the material.

Chetan P. Nikhare

Papers

FEA comparison of high and low pressure tube hydroforming of TRIP steel

Necking and fracture of advanced high strength steels

Buckling in low pressure tube hydroforming

Die closing force in low pressure tube hydroforming

Dependence of plastic strain and microstructure on elastic modulus reduction in advanced high-strength steels