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Biomechanics And Motor Control Of Human Movement

Mammalian ovaries consist of follicles as basic functional units. The total number of ovarian follicles is determined early in life, and the depletion of this pool leads to reproductive senescence. Each follicle develops to either ovulate or, more likely, to undergo degeneration. The dynamics of ovarian follicle development have interested endocrinologists and developmental biologists for many years. With the advent of assisted reproductive techniques in humans, the possibility of regulating follicle development in vivo and in vitro has gained clinical relevance. In this review, we focus upon key branching points during the development of ovarian follicles as well as factors involved in determining the eventual destiny of individual follicles. We discuss inconsistencies in the literature regarding the definitions of follicle recruitment and selection and propose to name the two major steps of follicle development as initial and cyclic recruitment, respectively. Because some of these disparities have arisen due to differences in the animal systems studied, we also compare the development of the ovarian follicles of both humans and rats. We also review the status of knowledge of several puzzling clinical issues that may provide important clues toward unlocking the mechanisms of follicle development.

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Initial and cyclic recruitment of ovarian follicles.

I. Introduction IN THE adult ovary, folliculogenesis starts when follicles leave the pool of resting follicles (RF) to enter the growth phase. From there, the early growing follicle undergoes a developmental process including a dramatic course of cellular proliferation and differentiation. In primates, only one follicle commonly reaches the preovulatory stage every cycle; most follicles fail to complete this maturation scheme, dying in the process termed atresia. In recent years, a picture has emerged depicting the classic endocrine control of ovarian function by LH and FSH, entangled in a maze of regulatory systems hinging on cell-cell interactions between follicular cells, via action of a variety of molecules (1–3). Different types of cell-cell interactions have been described. In paracrine regulations, a molecule synthesized by one cellular type is released into the interstitial milieu to act directly on another cellular type. In autocrine regulations, molecules synthesized by one cellular type are rel...

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Regulation of ovarian follicular development in primates: facts and hypotheses.

The capacity to estimate the head pose of another person is a common human ability that presents a unique challenge for computer vision systems. Compared to face detection and recognition, which have been the primary foci of face-related vision research, identity-invariant head pose estimation has fewer rigorously evaluated systems or generic solutions. In this paper, we discuss the inherent difficulties in head pose estimation and present an organized survey describing the evolution of the field. Our discussion focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and spans 90 of the most innovative and characteristic papers that have been published on this topic. We compare these systems by focusing on their ability to estimate coarse and fine head pose, highlighting approaches that are well suited for unconstrained environments.

Head Pose Estimation in Computer Vision: A Survey

A set of related medical disorders that lack a proper classification system and diagnostic criteria is like a society without laws. The result is incoherence at best, chaos at worst. For this reason, the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) is arguably the single most important breakthrough in headache medicine over the last 50 years. The ICHD identifies and categorizes more than a hundred different kinds of headache in a logical, hierarchal system. Even more important, it has provided explicit diagnostic criteria for all of the headache disorders listed. The ICHD quickly became universally accepted, and criticism of the classification has been minor relative to that directed at other disease classification systems. Over the 20 years following publication of the first edition of the ICHD, headache research has rapidly accelerated despite sparse allocation of resources to that effort. In summary, the ICHD has attained widespread acceptance at the international level and has substantially facilitated both clinical research and clinical care in the field of headache medicine.

International Classification of Headache Disorders

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether attractive children differ in their three-dimensional facial characteristics from nonattractive children of the same age, race, and sex. The facial characteristics of 36 boys and 44 girls aged 8 to 9 years were investigated. Frontal and profile photographs were analyzed independently by 21 judges, and, for each view, four groups were obtained: attractive boys, nonattractive boys, attractive girls, and nonattractive girls. For each child, the three-dimensional coordinates of 16 standardized soft tissue facial landmarks were automatically collected using an infrared system and used to calculate several three-dimensional angles, linear distances, and linear distance ratios. Mean values were computed in the eight groups, and attractive and nonattractive children were compared within sex and view. Most children received a different esthetic evaluation in the separate frontal and profile assessments; concordance in both attractive and nonattractive groups was only 50%. Moreover, three-dimensional facial morphometry was not able to separate attractive and nonattractive children.

The relationship between facial 3-D morphometry and the perception of attractiveness in children.

The objective of this study was to supply quantitative information about the facial soft-tissues of a group of subjects with Down syndrome. The three-dimensional coordinates of 28 soft-tissue facial landmarks were obtained by an electromechanic digitizer in 17 male and 11 female subjects with Down syndrome aged 12–45 years, and in 429 healthy individuals of the same age, ethnicity, and sex. From the landmarks, facial areas (eyes, ears, nose, and lips) and volumes (nose and lips) were calculated according to a geometrical model of face. Data were compared to those collected in the normal subjects by computing z-scores. Male and female z-scores were not significantly different. Most of the facial volumes were significantly (Student's t, P < 0.05) smaller in subjects with Down syndrome than in their normal controls. Ear areas were significantly reduced (mean z-scores in males −2.07 right, −1.9 left; in females −2.11 right, −2.21 left), as well as nasal surface area (mean z-score −1.53 in males, −2.45 in females). In women, age and some z-scores were significantly correlated (P < 0.05): upper lip volume (r = 0.714), left and right eye area (r = 0.635, right; 0.604, left), nasal area (r = 0.603): with increasing age, the negative values of the z-scores approached the 0 value of the reference population. In the pooled sample, age and the z-score of the total lip area were significantly correlated (r = 0.423): increasing age corresponded to a larger z-score value. The method allowed a simple, low cost, fast, and noninvasive examination of the subjects, and provided a quantitative assessment of the deviation from the norm. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Soft tissue facial areas and volumes in subjects with Down syndrome.

A size-standardized analysis of soft tissue facial profile during growth

Anatomical variants of the ethmoid bone have a special importance in several fields, especially in otolaryngology; a precise understanding of the complex anatomy and anatomic variations of the ethmoid bone is crucial for radiological diagnosis of paranasal pathology and for surgical work-up in order to avoid potential complications. The present study aims at helping general radiologists to become familiar with the most common forms of ethmoid anatomical variants and their clinical relevance.

Chiarella Sforza

Papers

The relationship between facial 3-D morphometry and the perception of attractiveness in children.

Soft tissue facial areas and volumes in subjects with Down syndrome.

A size-standardized analysis of soft tissue facial profile during growth

Anatomical variants of ethmoid bone on multidetector CT

Three-dimensional analysis of hand and finger movements during piano playing