https://www.mergenmetz.nl/menn/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Insirine-of-bewegen-artikel-in-Cell.pdf

Beige Adipocytes Are a Distinct Type of Thermogenic Fat Cell in Mouse and Human

Improved knowledge of all aspects of adipose biology will be required to counter the burgeoning epidemic of obesity. Interest in adipogenesis has increased markedly over the past few years with emphasis on the intersection between extracellular signals and the transcriptional cascade that regulates adipocyte differentiation. Many different events contribute to the commitment of a mesenchymal stem cell to the adipocyte lineage including the coordination of a complex network of transcription factors, cofactors and signalling intermediates from numerous pathways.

Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out.

Developmental Origin of Fat: Tracking Obesity to Its Source

Chronic Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) Activation of Epididymally Derived White Adipocyte Cultures Reveals a Population of Thermogenically Competent, UCP1-containing Adipocytes Molecularly Distinct from Classic Brown Adipocytes

Adipose tissue, which is primarily composed of adipocytes, is crucial for maintaining energy and metabolic homeostasis. Adipogenesis is thought to occur in two stages: commitment of mesenchymal stem cells to a preadipocyte fate and terminal differentiation. Cell shape and extracellular matrix remodelling have recently been found to regulate preadipocyte commitment and competency by modulating WNT and RHO-family GTPase signalling cascades. Adipogenic stimuli induce terminal differentiation in committed preadipocytes through the epigenomic activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). The coordination of PPARγ with CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factors maintains adipocyte gene expression. Improving our understanding of these mechanisms may allow us to identify therapeutic targets against metabolic diseases that are rapidly becoming epidemic globally.

/pdf/forming-functional-fat-a-growing-understanding-of-adipocyte-34ef2038x4.pdf

Forming functional fat: a growing understanding of adipocyte differentiation

Obesity, especially central obesity, is a hereditable trait associated with a high risk for development of diabetes and metabolic disorders. Combined gene expression analysis of adipocyte- and preadipocyte-containing fractions from intraabdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue of mice revealed coordinated depot-specific differences in expression of multiple genes involved in embryonic development and pattern specification. These differences were intrinsic and persisted during in vitro culture and differentiation. Similar depot-specific differences in expression of developmental genes were observed in human subcutaneous versus visceral adipose tissue. Furthermore, in humans, several genes exhibited changes in expression that correlated closely with body mass index and/or waist/hip ratio. Together, these data suggest that genetically programmed developmental differences in adipocytes and their precursors in different regions of the body play an important role in obesity, body fat distribution, and potential functional differences between internal and subcutaneous adipose tissue.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/103/17/6676.full.pdf

Evidence for a role of developmental genes in the origin of obesity and body fat distribution

Cerebral Neuromonitoring During Cardiac Surgery: A Critical Appraisal With an Emphasis on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Originally championed by Harvey Cushing in the early 1900s, the measurement of blood pressure during anesthesia and surgery became widespread in the 1920s. Physicians soon recognized the relationship between intraoperative hypotension and adverse patient outcomes. Nonetheless, over a century later there is presently no agreement on a universally accepted definition of hypotension. In this focused review, we will briefly discuss a common approach for defining hypotension based on arbitrary or population-driven thresholds. We then will propose a novel method for potentially defining hypotension individually based on monitoring cerebral blood flow autoregulation.

Personalizing the Definition of Hypotension to Protect the Brain.

Near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring provides a practical method to follow trends in superficial cerebral cortex oxygenation during and after cardiovascular surgery. Determination of the limits of cerebral pressure-flow autoregulation is now possible using processed oximetry signals in relation to arterial pressure.

Choy Lewis

Papers

Evidence for a role of developmental genes in the origin of obesity and body fat distribution

Cerebral Neuromonitoring During Cardiac Surgery: A Critical Appraisal With an Emphasis on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Personalizing the Definition of Hypotension to Protect the Brain.

Clinical Applications of Near-infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring in Cardiovascular Surgery.

Lack of benefit of near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring for improving patient outcomes. Case closed?