2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

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The Cambridge Handbook Of The Learning Sciences

mental representations a dual coding approach is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the mental representations a dual coding approach is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Mental Representations A Dual Coding Approach

Today, digitalization decisively penetrates all the sides of the modern society. One of the key enablers to maintain this process secure is authentication. It covers many different areas of a hyper-connected world, including online payments, communications, access right management, etc. This work sheds light on the evolution of authentication systems towards Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) starting from Single-Factor Authentication (SFA) and through Two-Factor Authentication (2FA). Particularly, MFA is expected to be utilized for human-to-everything interactions by enabling fast, user-friendly, and reliable authentication when accessing a service. This paper surveys the already available and emerging sensors (factor providers) that allow for authenticating a user with the system directly or by involving the cloud. The corresponding challenges from the user as well as the service provider perspective are also reviewed. The MFA system based on reversed Lagrange polynomial within Shamir’s Secret Sharing (SSS) scheme is further proposed to enable more flexible authentication. This solution covers the cases of authenticating the user even if some of the factors are mismatched or absent. Our framework allows for qualifying the missing factors by authenticating the user without disclosing sensitive biometric data to the verification entity. Finally, a vision of the future trends in MFA is discussed.

Multi-factor authentication: A survey

A review of gaze entropy as a measure of visual scanning efficiency.

For the past 20 years, researchers have investigated the use of eye tracking in security applications. We present a holistic view on gaze-based security applications. In particular, we canvassed the literature and classify the utility of gaze in security applications into a) authentication, b) privacy protection, and c) gaze monitoring during security critical tasks. This allows us to chart several research directions, most importantly 1) conducting field studies of implicit and explicit gaze-based authentication due to recent advances in eye tracking, 2) research on gaze-based privacy protection and gaze monitoring in security critical tasks which are under-investigated yet very promising areas, and 3) understanding the privacy implications of pervasive eye tracking. We discuss the most promising opportunities and most pressing challenges of eye tracking for security that will shape research in gaze-based security applications for the next decade.

The Role of Eye Gaze in Security and Privacy Applications: Survey and Future HCI Research Directions

Recent research provides evidence that individual differences in human cognitive styles affect user performance and experience in diverse application domains. However, state-of-the-art elicitation methods of cognitive styles require researchers to apply explicit, in-lab, and time-consuming "paper-and-pencil" techniques, rendering real-time integration of cognitive styles? elicitation impractical in interactive system design. Aiming to elaborate an implicit elicitation method of cognitive styles, this paper reports two feasibility studies based on an eye-tracking multifactorial model. In both studies, participants performed visual activities of varying characteristics, and the eye-tracking analysis revealed quantitative differences on visual behavior among individuals with different cognitive styles. Based on these differences, a series of classification experiments were conducted, and the results revealed that gaze-based implicit elicitation of cognitive styles in real-time is feasible, which could be used by interactive systems to adapt to the users' cognitive needs and preferences, to better assist them, and improve their performance and experience.

Using Eye Gaze Data and Visual Activities to Infer Human Cognitive Styles: Method and Feasibility Studies

Visual attention, search, processing and comprehension are important cognitive tasks during a graphical password composition activity. Aiming to shed light on whether individual differences on visual behavior affect the strength of the created passwords, we conducted an eye-tracking study (N=36), and adopted an accredited cognitive style theory to interpret the results. The analysis revealed that users with different cognitive styles followed different patterns of visual behavior which affected the strength of the created passwords. Motivated, by the results of the first study, we introduced adaptive characteristics to the user authentication mechanism, aiming to assist specific cognitive style user groups to create more secure passwords, and conducted a second study with a new sample (N=40) to test the adaptive characteristics. Results strengthen our assumptions that adaptive mechanisms based on users' differences in cognitive and visual behavior uncover a new perspective for improving the password's strength within graphical user authentication realms.

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Influences of Human Cognition and Visual Behavior on Password Strength during Picture Password Composition

This paper presents a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art research works in knowledge-based user authentication, covering the security and usability aspects of the most prominent user authentication schemes; text-, pin- and graphical-based. From the security perspective, we analyze current threats from a user and service provider perspective. Furthermore, based on current practices in authentication policies, we summarize and discuss their security strengths based on widely applied security metrics. From the usability point of view, we present and discuss the usability of each authentication scheme in regards with task performance and user experience. The analysis reveals that although a plethora of alternative user authentication schemes have been proposed in the literature and users interact differently with the various alternatives, online service providers do not yet adopt alternatives to text-based solutions. We further discuss and identify areas for further research and improved methodology with the aim to drive this research towards the design of sustainable, secure and usable authentication approaches.

Security and Usability in Knowledge-based User Authentication: A Review

The heterogeneity of the audience of cultural heritage institutions introduces numerous challenges to the delivery of the content. Considering that people differ in the way they perceive, process, and recall information and that their individual cognitive differences influence their experience, performance, and knowledge acquisition when performing cultural-heritage activities, the human-cognition factor should be considered as an important personalization factor within cultural-heritage contexts. To this end, we propose a cognition-centered personalization framework for delivering cultural-heritage activities, tailored to the users’ cognitive characteristics. The framework implements rule-based personalization algorithms that are based on cognition-centered user models that are created implicitly, transparently, and in run-time based on classifiers that correlate end-user cognitive characteristics with interaction and visual behavior patterns. For evaluating the proposed framework and improving the external validity of the experimental results, we conducted two eye-tracking between-subjects user-studies (
 $$N=226$$
 ) covering two different cognitive styles (field dependence–independence and visualizer–verbalizer) and two different types of cultural activity (visual goal-oriented and visual exploratory). The results provide evidence about the applicability, effectiveness, and efficiency of the proposed framework and underpin the added value of adopting cognition-centered personalization frameworks within digitized cultural-heritage interaction contexts.

Christina Katsini

Papers

The Role of Eye Gaze in Security and Privacy Applications: Survey and Future HCI Research Directions

Using Eye Gaze Data and Visual Activities to Infer Human Cognitive Styles: Method and Feasibility Studies

Influences of Human Cognition and Visual Behavior on Password Strength during Picture Password Composition

Security and Usability in Knowledge-based User Authentication: A Review

A cognition-centered personalization framework for cultural-heritage content